APHUG UNITS 1-6

Reference map

map with information, names, and boundaries. made to show physical features

Thematic map

map that emphasizes a specific theme or subject, such as population density or climate.

Choropleth map

color coded map

dot map

a type of thematic map that uses dots to represent a value or quantity in a specific area, illustrating spatial distribution.

graduated symbol map

a thematic map that uses symbols of varying size to represent data values, allowing for easy comparison of quantities across different locations.

isoline map

a map that uses continuous lines to connect points of equal value, often used to represent variables like temperature or elevation.

cartogram

a thematic map that distorts the size of geographic areas based on a specific variable, such as population or economic data, to convey information effectively.

Agglomeration

the clustering of people or activities in a specific area

toponym

location’s name

distance decay

as distance between things increases, their relation to each other decrease

Environmental determinism

the theory that the physical environment shapes human cultures and behaviors.

possibilism

the theory that human cultures are shaped by the environment, but also that humans can adapt and modify their surroundings.

order of scales of analysis

global, regional, country/national, state, county, local, census

formal region

a type of region defined by official boundaries and governmental or administrative functions, often characterized by uniformity in certain traits.

functional regions

areas defined by a function or activity, such as economic or social interactions, often centered around a node or focal point.

perceptual/vernacular region

a type of region defined by people's perceptions and feelings about an area, often lacking precise boundaries and based on cultural identity or experiences.

geographical site

the specific location of a place, often described by its physical characteristics and attributes.

geographical situation

the location of a place relative to other places and its surrounding environment, influencing accessibility and connectivity.

the 5 “toos” people don’t settle in

Too wet, too dry, too cold, too hilly, too hot. isolated. These factors influence human settlement patterns.

ecumene

habitable areas of the world

arithmetic population density

the total number of people per unit area of land, often used to understand population distribution.

physiological density

Population/arable land

agricultural density

farmers/arable land

dpendancy ratio

number of people in dependant age group(under 15 & over 65)/ people in working age group times 100

CBR

crude birth rate- births per year per 1000 people

TFR

total fertility rate- avg. # of children a woman has

CDR

crude death rate- deaths in a year per 1000 people

IMR

infant mortality rates- infant deaths in a year

RNI

rate of natural increase- ccbr-cdr/10

doubling time

how long it takes the pop to double- 70/RNI

demography

study of population statistics

dtm stage 1

high fertility and infant mortality

dtm stage 2

high birth rates and rapid nir growth. improved nutrition and sanitization causing higher, but still low life expectancy

dtm stage 3

birth going down bc children cost more, more healthcare, and more female employment. life ex. increases and nir growth slows down

dtm stage 4

cbr continues falling. life ex continues to increase, nir falls then stabilizes

dtm stage 5

no pop. growth, fertility rate balances, more medically advance, negative or low rni

malthus theory

pop grows exponentially while food grows arithmetically, causing us to run out of food eventyally

boserup theory

as pop. increases, so does food access and technology

transnational migration

from one country to another

internal migration

within a country’s borders

transhumance migration

herders migrating with livestock

chain migration

because of friends family or neighbors who migrated

step migration

through a series of small steps

guest worker migration

goal is to work or find work

refugee migration

forced to move due to violense

asylum seekers

forced to leave but also recieve protections and help

internally displaced persons

forced to leave hometown but stay within borders

enslaved persons migration

moved forcefully because of enslavement or trafficking

artifacts

visible or physical cultural objects

sociofacts

the way a society behaves and organizes things

mentifacts

ideas, beleifs, and knowledge of a culture

ethnocentrism

judging other’s cultures compared to your own

cultural relativism

unbiased view of other cultures

sequent occupancy

societies and cultural groups leave their mark on the land

centripetal forces

things that unify a country and provide stability

centrifugal force

thnigs that divide a country and cause conflict

cultural hearth

geographic origin of a cultural trait

contagious diffusion

spreads rapidly thru contact w people

heirarchical diffusion

spreads thru more influential powerful people

stimulus diffusion

as traits r spread, theyre altered of modified due to cultural barriers

timespace convergence

the “shrinking” of the world due to new technologies

cultural convergence

2 or more cultures coming together and adopting traits

cultural divergence

cultures ebcome less alike due to cultural and physical barrierrs

language family

large group of related languages connected by hearth or ancestry

lanuage branch

collection of languages from a common origin but seperate from language family

language group

languages sharing a more recent past w similar vocab

isogloss

geographic boundary where linguistic feature occurs

acculturation

contact of multiple cultures resulting in traits being adopted

assimilation

abandoning a culture to adopt anot\her

syncretism

when 2 cultures come together and a new trait forms.

state

Area defined by borders

Sovreignty

Gov. Right to control and defend territory . Recognized by other states

Nation

Group of people with common identity through shared cultural traits

Nation-state

When a state's border only holds one nation

Stateless nation

nation without a state to occupy

multistate nation

nation living accross many states

multinational state

country with many ethnicities and cultures

autonomous region

location within a state, with. the state allowing it to govern itself

territoriality

control/influence over a specific space

political power

control over people, land, and resources

neocolonialism

the use of political, economic, cultural, or other pressures to control/influence other countries

shatterbelts

instability in a region located between states with overlapping territoriality

chokepoints

a strait or canal that is narrow, hard to pass through, and has competition for use

self-determination

the want to govern themdselves

devoulution

centrifugal forces shifting power to smaller areas

berlin conference

borders were drawn in africa with no warning or consideration to previous ones

treaty of versailles

signed to end world war I, breaking up the german, austrohungarion, and ottoman empires

israel establishment

the british made palestine, a place for jewish people

declaration of independance

self determination and resistance to colonial power

fall of soviet union

leading to wars and many new countries

antecedent boundary

borders established before major settlement

subsequent boundaries

borders drawn due to changes occuring over time

consequent boundaries

takes into account existingg cultural distribution

superimposed boundaries

borders implemented by outside force without regard for existing boundaries

geometric boundarird

borders establishes on lines of longitude and latitude

relict boundary

border that no longer exist, but left a mark on local culture

centrifugal forces consequences

failed states (balkanization), uneven development, stateless nations, separatist movements

centripetal force consequences

ethnonationalism(1 country all identifying with one common ethnicity, language, and religion), equitable infrastructure dev., cultural unity

boundaries- defined

legal agreement between boundaries

boundaries- delimited

location of agreed bound