1. dr armaidy - Konsep dasar, sejarah, pengertian dan ruang lingkup kedokteran komunitas dan kedokteran masyarakat

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Last updated 1:25 AM on 10/18/23
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58 Terms

1
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Fokus perhatian kedokteran komunitas

masalah kesehatan dan penyakit yang terjadi pada komunitas di mana individu tersebut tinggal, bekerja, atau bersekolah.

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maksud public health importance

kedokteran komunitas memberikan prioritas perhatian kepada penyakit-penyakit yang menunjukkan angka kejadian yang tinggi pada populasi

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istilah kedokteran komunitas di awal tahun 1960

nama dari konsep pelayanan medis yang baru

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istilah kedokteran komunitas di awal tahun 1970

nama salah satu Bagian di FK

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istilah kedokteran komunitas di akhir tahun 1970

baru diakui sebagai salah satu cabang ilmu kedokteran

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definisi masyarakat

  • dalam bahasa Inggris disebut “society” atau “human society” adalah kelompok orang yang berhubungkan satu dengan lainnya melalui relasi terus-menerus seperti status sosial, peran, dan jejaring sosial.

  • dalam arti luas : kumpulan orang-orang di suatu wilayah atau negara,

    bahkan kadang-kadang secara keseluruhan di seluruh dunia.

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definisi komunitas

bagian dari masyarakat (society) yang memiliki persamaan karakteristik tertentu dan biasanya bertempat tinggal di suatu area geografis yang bisa didefinisikan dengan jelas.

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Contoh komunitas

  • Para pekerja di suatu pertambangan minyak lepas pantai

  • komunitas pekerja yang memiliki sejumlah persamaan karakteristik, yakni jenis pekerjaan, tempat bekerja, dan tempat tinggal, dll

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2 jenis pelayanan kesehatan

  1. pelayanan medis (medical services) atau upaya kesehatan perseorangan (UKP)

  2. pelayanan kesehatan masyarakat (public health services) atau upaya kesehatan masyarakat (UKM)

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definisi Pelayanan Kedokteran Komunitas (Community Medicine services)

Pelayanan medis yang sasaran utamanya adalah kelompok-kelompok dalam masyarakat (komunitas)

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definisi Ilmu Kedokteran Komunitas (Community Medicine)

Cabang kedokteran yang memusatkan perhatian kepada kesehatan anggota-anggota komunitas, dengan menekankan diagnosis dini penyakit, memperhatikan faktor-faktor yang membahayakan (hazard) kesehatan yang berasal dari lingkungan dan pekerjaan, serta pencegahan penyakit pada komunitas.

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definisi UKM

Upaya Kesehatan yang bersifat promotif, preventit kuratif, rehabilitatif, dan/ atau paliatif yang berdampak pada masyarakat.

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definisi UKP

Upaya Kesehatan yang bersifat promotif, preventif, kuratif, rehabilitatif, dan/ atau paliatif yang berdampak hanya kepada individu.

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Tujuan utama kedokteran komunitas

mencegah penyakit dan meningkatkan kesehatan anggota-anggota komunitas.

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nama lain kedokteran komunitas

kedokteran pencegahan (preventive medicine)

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konsep pencegahan menurut natural history of disease

  • Kondisi sakit merupakan suatu ‘episode’

  • Tindakan pencegahan merupakan upaya memotong perjalanan alamiah penyakit pada titik-titik perjalanan yg dikuasai oleh iptek /sumberdaya yang ada

  • Pencegahan primer

  • Pencegahan sekunder

  • Pencegahan tersier

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konsep pencegahan primer

untuk menghindari fase prepatogenesis

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konsep Pencegahan sekunder

tindakan pengobatan pada fase patogenesis, berupa diagnosis dini dan pengobatan segera untuk menghentikan proses penyakit pada tingkat permulaan tdk jadi lebih parah

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konsep Pencegahan tersier

tindakan pencegahan terjadinya komplikasi penyakit atau lebih parah/fatal, untuk menurunkan cacat fisik atau mental

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Prinsip Pencegahan

  • Mencegah exposur / paparan

  • Melindungi populasi rentan

  • Mencegah terjadi sakit

    • pengobatan kasus

    • mencegah cacat, mati

    • mencegah transmisi

  • Memutus rantai penularan

    • perbaikan lingkungan

    • perilaku hidup sehat

    • membuat peraturan perundangan

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“Five Level Prevention” Lima tingkat pencegahan dari Leavell & Clark

  1. health promotion

  2. spesific promotion

  3. early diagnosis & promt treatment

  4. disibility limitation

  5. rehabilitation

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primary prevention

  1. health promotion

  2. spesific protection

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secondary prevention

early diagnose & promt treatment

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tertiery prevention

  1. Disability limitation

  2. rehabilitation

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pelayanan medis paripurna yg dilakukan oleh pelayanan ilmu kedokteran komunitas

  • promosi kesehatan

  • pencegahan penyakit

  • diagnosis dini dan tindakan tepat – pembatasan cacat

  • pemulihan kesehatan

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definisi Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat menurut winslow 1920

ilmu dan seni mencegah penyakit, meperpanjang usia hidup, meningkatkan kesehatan fisik dan mental serta efisiensi melalui upaya masyarakat yang terorganisir guna menyehatkan lingkungan, memberantas penyakit menular, pendidikan individu tentang kesehatan, pengorganisasian pelayanan medis dan perawatan guna ditegakkan diagnosis dini dan tindakan pencegahan serta mengembangkan sistem sosial yang akan menjamin bahwa setiap individu dalam masyarakat akan mendapatkan standar hidup yang layak untuk memelihara kesehatannya

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Hubungan dengan Kesehatan Masyarakat dan Kedokteran Klinis

  • Pelayanan Kedokteran Komunitas adalah jembatan antara pelayanan medis dan pelayanan kesehatan masyarakat yang saling melengkapi

  • Perhatian utama pelayanan medis adalah orang sakit sebagai orang perorangan (15% penduduk)

  • Perhatian utama pelayanan kesehatan masyarakat adalah orang sehat yang ada di masyarakat (85% penduduk)

  • Perhatian utama pelayanan kedokteran komunitas adalah orang sakit dan orang sehat yang ada dalam kelompok-kelompok di masyarakat (100% penduduk)

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pusat perhatian kedokteran klinis

  • pelayanan kesehatan individu sakit, yaitu pasien

  • Kedokteran klinis mempelajari kesehatan dan penyakit pada individu.

  • Kedokteran klinis menggunakan perspektif biomedis dalam memandang kausa penyakit

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pusat perhatian kedokteran komunitas

  • kedokteran komunitas menggunakan perspektif biomedis dan populasi dalam memandang kausa penyakit dan masalah kesehatan.

  • Kedokteran komunitas menggunakan model kausasi majemuk (multikausal) dalam menjelaskan terjadinya penyakit, baik pada individu maupun komunitas.

  • Kejadian penyakit pada individu merupakan akibat tidak hanya dari kausa proksimal (seperti agen infeksi, toksin, gen, dan perilaku) tetapi juga kausa distal (faktor lingkungan, sosial, ekonomi, kultural, dan politik).

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variabel klien dari sudut pandang kedokteran klinis dan kedokteran komunitas

  • KK : individu sakt (pasien)

  • KM : individu sakit dan sehat, dan anggota komunitas

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variabel kausasi/penyebab dari sudut pandang kedokteran klinis dan kedokteran komunitas

  • KK : teori kuman/germ theory/kausa tunggal

  • KM : kausa majemuk/multikausal/prioritas kepada faktor risiko perilaku, sosial, dan lingkungan

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variabel level kausa dari sudut pandang kedokteran klinis dan kedokteran komunitas

  • KK : individu

  • KM : individu, keluarga, komunitas, dan lingkungan

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variabel jenis pelayanan kesehatan dari sudut pandang kedokteran klinis dan kedokteran komunitas

  • KK : kuratif

  • KM : komprehensif (preventif, promotif, kuratif, rehabilitatif) = penekanan pada pelayanan kesehtaan preventif dan promotif

34
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variabel tingkat kecanggihan pel kesehatan dari sudut pandang kedokteran klinis dan kedokteran komunitas

  • KK : pelayanan medis spesialistik

  • KM : pelayanan kesehatan esensial (dasar primer)

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variabel level intervensi dari sudut pandang kedokteran klinis dan kedokteran komunitas

  • KK : UKP

  • KM : UKP & UKM

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variabel tujuan pelayanan kesehatan dari sudut pandang kedokteran klinis dan kedokteran komunitas

  • KK : ketiadaan penyakit

  • KM : ketiadaan penyakit dan perbaikan kualitas hidup

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variabel dampak kesehatan yang ingin dicapai dari sudut pandang kedokteran klinis dan kedokteran komunitas

  • KK : kesehatan individu / pasien

  • KM : kesehatan semua anggota komunitas, produktivitas dan pembangunan sosial ekonomi

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variabel tanggung jawab kesehatan dari sudut pandang kedokteran klinis dan kedokteran komunitas

  • KK : dokter dan tenaga kesehatan profesional

  • KM : dokter, tenaga kesehatan profesional, dan komunitas

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Ruang lingkup Kedokteran Komunitas

  • Ilmu Kedokteran Keluarga

  • Ilmu Kedokteran Olahraga

  • Ilmu Kedokteran Okupasi

  • Ilmu Kedokteran Kelautan

  • Ilmu Kedokteran Penerbangan

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definisi kedokteran keluarga

disiplin ilmu yang menekankan pentingnya pemberian pelayanan kesehatan yang personal, primer, komprehensif, dan berkelanjutan (continuing) kepada individu dalam hubungannnya dengan keluarga, komunitas, dan lingkungannya.

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definisi Diagnosis Komunitas

Diagnosis komunitas merupakan langkah identifikasi dan pengukuran masalah kesehatan di suatu masyarakat tertentu secara menyeluruh dalam upaya mengidentifikasi kelompok yang rentan dan membutuhkan pelayanan kesehatan

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indikator diagnosis komunitas

  • Indikator kematian

  • Indikator kesakitan

  • Indikator kecacatan

  • Indikator nutrisi

  • Indikator pelayanan kesehatan

  • Angka pemanfaatan layanan kesehatan

  • Indikator kesehatan mental dan sosial

  • Indikator lingkungan

  • Indikator sosio-ekonomi

  • Indikator kebijakan kesehatan

  • Indikator kualitas hidup

  • Indikator lain

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Langkah 1 Diagnosis Komunitas

Tetapkan topik masalah

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Langkah 2 Diagnosis Komunitas

Pilih komunitas yang dipelajari

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Langkah 3 Diagnosis Komunitas

Kumpulkan data sekunder

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Langkah 4 Diagnosis Komunitas

Susun profil dasar komunitas

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Langkah 5 Diagnosis Komunitas

Siapkan perangkat survei

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Langkah 6 Diagnosis Komunitas

Kumpulkan data primer

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Langkah 7 Diagnosis Komunitas

Analisa data primer dan sekunder

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Langkah 8 Diagnosis Komunitas

Tetapkan diagnosis dan faktor terkait

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Langkah 9 Diagnosis Komunitas

Kembangkan solusi penatalaksanaan

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Langkah 10 Diagnosis Komunitas

Pilih solusi yang mampu laksana

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isi bab 1 laporan diagnosis komunitas

  • latar belakang : uraian singkat mengenai puskesmas dan masalah kesehatan yang akan dikaji

  • pernyataan masalah

  • tujuan : menyusun profil komunitas, menetapkan masalah kesmas, menyusun langkah perbaikan

  • manfaat

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isi bab 2 laporan diagnosis komunitas

  • kajian dari topik kesmas khusus yg diteliti berdasarkan buku teks

  • kajian peran puskesma dalam penatalaksanaan program khsuus masyarakat beradsarkan buku pedoman puskes

  • kajian ttg konsep dan langkah pelaksanaan diagnosis komunitas

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isi bab 3 laporan diagnosis komunitas

  • metoda diagnosis komunitas (daerah kerja, jenis data, sumber data, jenis indikator kesehatan)

  • daftar indikator kesehatan (tingkat kesehatan yg diharapkan)

  • langkah diagnosis komunitas (tetapkan cakupan, situasi setempat, pengumpulan data, identifikasi masalah, prioritas, pilihan cara penyelesaian, cara penyelesaian yang mampul dilaksanakan

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isi bab 4 laporan diagnosis komunitas

  • profil komunitas umum (data sekunder) berupa data geografis, data demografis, sumber daya kesehatan yg ada, dan sarana pelayanan kesehatan yg ada

  • data kesmas (data sekunder) berupa prevalensi masalah kesmas, dan perilaku kesehatan masyarakat

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isi bab 5 laporan diagnosis komunitas

  • identifikasi masalah kesehatan masyarakat

  • oprioritas masalah kesehatan masyarakat

  • identifikasi sarana kesehatan yang ada

  • penyusunan upaya perbaikan kesehatan

  • cara pemecahana yang terpilih

  • langkah puskesma untuk mengtaasi masalah kesehatan masyarakat tsb

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isi bab 6 laporan diagnosis komunitas

  • kesimpulan : prioritas masalah kesmas, perilaku kesmas, kaitan diantara keduanya, langkah perbaikan masalah kesehatan

  • saran : apa yang harus dilakukan puskesmas

Explore top notes

Imperialism Rise in Nationalism • During the French and Industrial Revolution, nationalism continued to inspire nations to increase their political and economic power. • Nationalism became the ideal force in the political, economic, and cultural life in the world, becoming the first universal ideology-organizing all people into a nation state. Nationalism Defined • The strong belief that the interest of a particular nation-state is of primary importance. o Nation-State – a state where the vast majority shares the same culture and is conscious of it. It is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political ones. • As an ideology, it is based on the idea that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual/group interests. • Exalting one nation’s belief above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests, excluding the interests of others. Changing the World through a Nationalistic Vision • The French Revolution significantly changed the political world and how countries govern. • The Industrial Revolution significantly changed the economic world. • The Age of Imperialism (1870-1914) dramatically changed the political, economic, and social world. What is Imperialism? • Imperialism- The policy of extending the rule of authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. Power and influence are done through diplomacy or military force. Reasons for Imperialism • There are 5 main motives for empires to seek to expand their rule over other countries or territories: 1. Exploratory • Imperial nations wanted to explore territory unknown to them. • The main purpose for this exploration of new lands was for resource acquisition, medical or scientific research. o Charles Darwin • Other reasons: o Cartography (map making) o Adventure 2. Ethnocentric • Europeans acted on the concept of ethnocentrism o Ethnocentrism- the belief that one race or nation is superior to others. • Ethnocentrism developed out of Charles Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory. Philosophers used the theory to explain why there were superior races and inferior races. o This became known as Social Darwinism. • Most imperial nations believed that their cultural values or beliefs were superior to other nations or groups. • Believed imperial conquest would bring successful culture to inferior people. 3. Religious • Imperial expansion promoted a religious movement of people setting out to convert new members of conquered territories. • With the belief that Christianity was superior, missionaries believed it was their duty to spread Christianity to the world. • Christian missionaries established churches, and in doing so, they spread Western culture values as well. • Typically, missionaries spread the imperial nation's language through education and religious interactions. 4. Political • Patriotism and Nationalism helped spur our imperial growth, thus creating competition against other supremacies. • It was a matter of national pride, respect, and security. • Furthermore, European rivalry spurred nations for imperial conquest. Since land equaled power, the more land a country could acquire the more prestige they could wield across the globe. • Empires wanted strategic territory to ensure access for their navies and armies around the world. • The empire believed they must expand, thus they needed to be defended. 5. Economic • With the Industrial Revolution taking place during the same time, governments and private companies contributed to find ways to maximize profits. • Imperialized countries provided European factories and markets with natural resources (old and new) to manufacture products. • Trading posts were strategically placed around imperialized countries to maximize and increase profits. o Such places as the Suez Canal in Egypt which was controlled by the British provided strategic choke hold over many European powers. o Imperial powers competed over the best potential locations for resources, markets, and trade. History of Imperialism • Ancient Imperialism 600 BCE-500 CE o Roman Empire, Ancient China, Greek Empire, Persian Empire, Babylonian Empire. • Middle Age Imperialism (Age of Colonialism-1400-1800s) o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands (Dutch), Russia. • Age of Imperialism 1870-1914 o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Japan, United States, Ottoman Empire, Russia. • Current Imperialism...? o U.S. Military intervention (i.e. Middle East) o Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. Imperialism Colonialism • Refers to political or economic control, either legally or illegally. • Refers to where one nation assumes control over the other. • Creating an empire, expanding into neighboring regions and expanding the dominance far outside its borders. • Where a country conquers and rules over other regions for exploiting resources from the conquered country for the conqueror's benefit. • Foreign government controls/governs a territory without significant settlement. • Foreign government controls/governs the territory from within the land being colonized. • Little to no new settlement established on fresh territory. • Movement to settle to fresh territory. Age of Colonialism WHEN? • Started around the late 1400s and ended around the late 1700s/early 1800s. WHY? • Primary Reason: European countries, wished to find a direct trade route to Asia (China & India) and the East Indies. o Quicker and relatively more effective than land routes over Asia. • Secondary Reason: Empire expansion (land power) WHO? • Countries involved: Great Britain, France, Spain, the Dutch & Portugal. • Individuals’ knowns as Mercantilists believed that maintaining imperialized territory and colonizing the region could serve as a source of wealth, while personal motives by rulers, explorers, and missionaries could therefore promote their own agenda. o This agenda being “Glory, God and Gold”. Mercantilism • Mercantilism was a popular and main economic system for many European nations during the 16th to 18th centuries. • The main goal was to increase a nation’s wealth by promoting government rule of a nation’s economy for the purpose of enhancing state power at the expense of rival national power. • It was the economic counterpart of political absolutism. Why did mercantilists want colonies? • Mercantilists believed that a country must have an excess of exports over imports. • By colonizing territory, it provided the nation with indispensable wealth of precious raw materials. • Therefore, the claimed territory served as a market and supplier of raw materials for the mother country. Which, in time, provided an excess of exports for the nation and thus created wealth. o Development of Trading Companies to support this economic system. Hudson Bay Company – (1670). Controlled primarily North America. o Dutch East Indie Trading Company (1682) o East Indian Trading Company (1600) o Royal African Trade Company (1672) WHERE? • European nations begun to colonize the America, India and the East Indies to create a direct trade route. • Great Britain was the leading power in India, Australia and North America, South Africa. • Spain colonized central and South America. • French held Louisiana, coastal land of Africa and French Guinea. • The Dutch built an empire in the East Indies. • The Portuguese was able to take control of present-day Brazil and the southern tip of South America and Japan. Age of Colonialism • As countries started to imperialize these regions, eventually the concept of colonization took hold: • This is what makes the Age of Colonialism extremely different! End of Colonialism • By 1800, colonialism became less popular • Why? o Revolutions (Spain, France & American) o The Napoleonic Wars o Struggle for nationalism and democracy. o Exhausted all money and energy to supervise their colonies. Waiting to wake again • Imperialism would stay quiet for close to 50 years before Great Britain and France’s economies revitalized. • The outbreak of the Industrial Revolution only encouraged and revitalized European nations to begin their conquest for new territory and resources. Age of Imperialism THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA 1870-1914 Conditions Prior to Imperialism of Africa  European interest in exploiting Africa was minimal.  Their economic interests & profit in Africa primarily came through coastal trade that took place during the 1500-1700s.  The slave trade became the main source of European profit.  Furthermore, disease, political instability, lack of transportation and unpredictable climate all discouraged Europeans from seeking territory. Slave Trade & the Trans-Atlantic Slave Voyages  Forced labor was not uncommon during the 13-17th Centuries. Africans and Europeans had been trading goods and people across the Mediteranea for centuries.  This all changed from 1526 to 1867, as a new system of slavery was introduced that became highly “commercialized, racialized and inherited”  By 1690, the America and West Indies saw approximately 30,000 African people shipped from Africa. A century later, that number grew to 85,000 people per year.  By 1867, approximately 12.5 million people (about twice the population of Arizona) left Africa in a slave ship. What Changed? 1. End of the Slave Trade- Left a need for trade between Europe and Africa. 2. Innovation in technology- The steam engine and iron hulled boats allowed Europe 3. Discovery of new raw materials- Explorers located vast raw materials and resources and this only spurred imperialism with Europe in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. 4. Politics- Unification of Germany and Italy left little room to expand in Europe. Germany and Italy both needed raw materials to “catch up” with Britain and France so they looked to Africa. The Scramble for Africa  The scramble started in 1870.  Although some coastal land had previously been acquired before 1870, the need for territory quickly accelerated as European countries looked t get deeper into Africa.  Within 20 years, nearly all continents were placed under imperialistic rule. Who was Involved?  Great Britain  France  Germany  Italy  Portugal  Belgium  Spain (kind) Violent Affairs  Violence broke out multiple times when European nations looked to claim the same territory.  Germ Chancellor. Otto van Bismarck. Attempted to avert the possibility of violence against the European powers.  In 1884, Bismarck organized a conference in Berlin for the European nations. The Berlin Conference (1884-85)  The conference looked to set ground rules for future annexation of African territory by European Nations.  Annexation is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state’s territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory.  From a distant perspective, it looked like it would reduce tensions among European nations and avert war.  At the heart of the meeting, these European countries negotiated their claims to African territory, made it official and then mapped their regions.  Furthermore, the leaders agreed to allow free trade among imperialized territory and some homework for negotiating future European claims in Africa was established. Further Path  After the conference, european powers continued to expand their claims in Africa so that by 1900. 90% of the African territory had been claimed. A Turn towards Colonization?  Upon the imperialization of African territory, European nations and little interest in African land unless it produced economic wealth.  Therefore, European governments put little effort and expertise into these imperialized regions.  In most cases, this emat a form of indirect rule. Thus, governing the natin without sufficient settlement and government from within the mother country. Some Exceptions  There were some exemptions through in Africa as colonization was a necessary for some regions i n Africa.  Some regions where diamonds and gold were present. Government looked to protectorate the regions and establish rule and settlement in the regions.  Protectorates: A state controlled and protected by another state for defense against aggression and other law violations. Would  Some examples include South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Congo. Conclusion  Although it may appear that the Berlin Conference averted war amid the African Scramble, imperialism eventually brought the world into worldwide conflict.  With the continued desire to create an empire by European nations. World War 1 would break out which can be linked to this quest at imperialism.
Updated 490d ago
note Note
Imperialism Rise in Nationalism • During the French and Industrial Revolution, nationalism continued to inspire nations to increase their political and economic power. • Nationalism became the ideal force in the political, economic, and cultural life in the world, becoming the first universal ideology-organizing all people into a nation state. Nationalism Defined • The strong belief that the interest of a particular nation-state is of primary importance. o Nation-State – a state where the vast majority shares the same culture and is conscious of it. It is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political ones. • As an ideology, it is based on the idea that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual/group interests. • Exalting one nation’s belief above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests, excluding the interests of others. Changing the World through a Nationalistic Vision • The French Revolution significantly changed the political world and how countries govern. • The Industrial Revolution significantly changed the economic world. • The Age of Imperialism (1870-1914) dramatically changed the political, economic, and social world. What is Imperialism? • Imperialism- The policy of extending the rule of authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. Power and influence are done through diplomacy or military force. Reasons for Imperialism • There are 5 main motives for empires to seek to expand their rule over other countries or territories: 1. Exploratory • Imperial nations wanted to explore territory unknown to them. • The main purpose for this exploration of new lands was for resource acquisition, medical or scientific research. o Charles Darwin • Other reasons: o Cartography (map making) o Adventure 2. Ethnocentric • Europeans acted on the concept of ethnocentrism o Ethnocentrism- the belief that one race or nation is superior to others. • Ethnocentrism developed out of Charles Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory. Philosophers used the theory to explain why there were superior races and inferior races. o This became known as Social Darwinism. • Most imperial nations believed that their cultural values or beliefs were superior to other nations or groups. • Believed imperial conquest would bring successful culture to inferior people. 3. Religious • Imperial expansion promoted a religious movement of people setting out to convert new members of conquered territories. • With the belief that Christianity was superior, missionaries believed it was their duty to spread Christianity to the world. • Christian missionaries established churches, and in doing so, they spread Western culture values as well. • Typically, missionaries spread the imperial nation's language through education and religious interactions. 4. Political • Patriotism and Nationalism helped spur our imperial growth, thus creating competition against other supremacies. • It was a matter of national pride, respect, and security. • Furthermore, European rivalry spurred nations for imperial conquest. Since land equaled power, the more land a country could acquire the more prestige they could wield across the globe. • Empires wanted strategic territory to ensure access for their navies and armies around the world. • The empire believed they must expand, thus they needed to be defended. 5. Economic • With the Industrial Revolution taking place during the same time, governments and private companies contributed to find ways to maximize profits. • Imperialized countries provided European factories and markets with natural resources (old and new) to manufacture products. • Trading posts were strategically placed around imperialized countries to maximize and increase profits. o Such places as the Suez Canal in Egypt which was controlled by the British provided strategic choke hold over many European powers. o Imperial powers competed over the best potential locations for resources, markets, and trade. History of Imperialism • Ancient Imperialism 600 BCE-500 CE o Roman Empire, Ancient China, Greek Empire, Persian Empire, Babylonian Empire. • Middle Age Imperialism (Age of Colonialism-1400-1800s) o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands (Dutch), Russia. • Age of Imperialism 1870-1914 o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Japan, United States, Ottoman Empire, Russia. • Current Imperialism...? o U.S. Military intervention (i.e. Middle East) o Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. Imperialism Colonialism • Refers to political or economic control, either legally or illegally. • Refers to where one nation assumes control over the other. • Creating an empire, expanding into neighboring regions and expanding the dominance far outside its borders. • Where a country conquers and rules over other regions for exploiting resources from the conquered country for the conqueror's benefit. • Foreign government controls/governs a territory without significant settlement. • Foreign government controls/governs the territory from within the land being colonized. • Little to no new settlement established on fresh territory. • Movement to settle to fresh territory. Age of Colonialism WHEN? • Started around the late 1400s and ended around the late 1700s/early 1800s. WHY? • Primary Reason: European countries, wished to find a direct trade route to Asia (China & India) and the East Indies. o Quicker and relatively more effective than land routes over Asia. • Secondary Reason: Empire expansion (land power) WHO? • Countries involved: Great Britain, France, Spain, the Dutch & Portugal. • Individuals’ knowns as Mercantilists believed that maintaining imperialized territory and colonizing the region could serve as a source of wealth, while personal motives by rulers, explorers, and missionaries could therefore promote their own agenda. o This agenda being “Glory, God and Gold”. Mercantilism • Mercantilism was a popular and main economic system for many European nations during the 16th to 18th centuries. • The main goal was to increase a nation’s wealth by promoting government rule of a nation’s economy for the purpose of enhancing state power at the expense of rival national power. • It was the economic counterpart of political absolutism. Why did mercantilists want colonies? • Mercantilists believed that a country must have an excess of exports over imports. • By colonizing territory, it provided the nation with indispensable wealth of precious raw materials. • Therefore, the claimed territory served as a market and supplier of raw materials for the mother country. Which, in time, provided an excess of exports for the nation and thus created wealth. o Development of Trading Companies to support this economic system. Hudson Bay Company – (1670). Controlled primarily North America. o Dutch East Indie Trading Company (1682) o East Indian Trading Company (1600) o Royal African Trade Company (1672) WHERE? • European nations begun to colonize the America, India and the East Indies to create a direct trade route. • Great Britain was the leading power in India, Australia and North America, South Africa. • Spain colonized central and South America. • French held Louisiana, coastal land of Africa and French Guinea. • The Dutch built an empire in the East Indies. • The Portuguese was able to take control of present-day Brazil and the southern tip of South America and Japan. Age of Colonialism • As countries started to imperialize these regions, eventually the concept of colonization took hold: • This is what makes the Age of Colonialism extremely different! End of Colonialism • By 1800, colonialism became less popular • Why? o Revolutions (Spain, France & American) o The Napoleonic Wars o Struggle for nationalism and democracy. o Exhausted all money and energy to supervise their colonies. Waiting to wake again • Imperialism would stay quiet for close to 50 years before Great Britain and France’s economies revitalized. • The outbreak of the Industrial Revolution only encouraged and revitalized European nations to begin their conquest for new territory and resources. Age of Imperialism THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA 1870-1914 Conditions Prior to Imperialism of Africa  European interest in exploiting Africa was minimal.  Their economic interests & profit in Africa primarily came through coastal trade that took place during the 1500-1700s.  The slave trade became the main source of European profit.  Furthermore, disease, political instability, lack of transportation and unpredictable climate all discouraged Europeans from seeking territory. Slave Trade & the Trans-Atlantic Slave Voyages  Forced labor was not uncommon during the 13-17th Centuries. Africans and Europeans had been trading goods and people across the Mediteranea for centuries.  This all changed from 1526 to 1867, as a new system of slavery was introduced that became highly “commercialized, racialized and inherited”  By 1690, the America and West Indies saw approximately 30,000 African people shipped from Africa. A century later, that number grew to 85,000 people per year.  By 1867, approximately 12.5 million people (about twice the population of Arizona) left Africa in a slave ship. What Changed? 1. End of the Slave Trade- Left a need for trade between Europe and Africa. 2. Innovation in technology- The steam engine and iron hulled boats allowed Europe 3. Discovery of new raw materials- Explorers located vast raw materials and resources and this only spurred imperialism with Europe in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. 4. Politics- Unification of Germany and Italy left little room to expand in Europe. Germany and Italy both needed raw materials to “catch up” with Britain and France so they looked to Africa. The Scramble for Africa  The scramble started in 1870.  Although some coastal land had previously been acquired before 1870, the need for territory quickly accelerated as European countries looked t get deeper into Africa.  Within 20 years, nearly all continents were placed under imperialistic rule. Who was Involved?  Great Britain  France  Germany  Italy  Portugal  Belgium  Spain (kind) Violent Affairs  Violence broke out multiple times when European nations looked to claim the same territory.  Germ Chancellor. Otto van Bismarck. Attempted to avert the possibility of violence against the European powers.  In 1884, Bismarck organized a conference in Berlin for the European nations. The Berlin Conference (1884-85)  The conference looked to set ground rules for future annexation of African territory by European Nations.  Annexation is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state’s territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory.  From a distant perspective, it looked like it would reduce tensions among European nations and avert war.  At the heart of the meeting, these European countries negotiated their claims to African territory, made it official and then mapped their regions.  Furthermore, the leaders agreed to allow free trade among imperialized territory and some homework for negotiating future European claims in Africa was established. Further Path  After the conference, european powers continued to expand their claims in Africa so that by 1900. 90% of the African territory had been claimed. A Turn towards Colonization?  Upon the imperialization of African territory, European nations and little interest in African land unless it produced economic wealth.  Therefore, European governments put little effort and expertise into these imperialized regions.  In most cases, this emat a form of indirect rule. Thus, governing the natin without sufficient settlement and government from within the mother country. Some Exceptions  There were some exemptions through in Africa as colonization was a necessary for some regions i n Africa.  Some regions where diamonds and gold were present. Government looked to protectorate the regions and establish rule and settlement in the regions.  Protectorates: A state controlled and protected by another state for defense against aggression and other law violations. Would  Some examples include South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Congo. Conclusion  Although it may appear that the Berlin Conference averted war amid the African Scramble, imperialism eventually brought the world into worldwide conflict.  With the continued desire to create an empire by European nations. World War 1 would break out which can be linked to this quest at imperialism.
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