global history regents

What was the Scientific Revolution?

New way of thinking about the natural world based on careful observation and a willingness to question

who was galileo

added discoveries concerning laws of gravity and planetary motion, condemned by the Catholic Church

Who was Copernicus and what did he do?

A polish priest that created a theory that worked out how the sun was the center of the solar system (heliocentric theory of the universe)

What was absolutism?

Rise of Kings/ Monarchies in Europe

What was the Englightenment?

A movement in Europe in the 18th century

• promoted the idea that people could think for themselves

• and that traditional institutions such as the church and the nobility should not be able to control everyday life

who were some absolute monarchs?

Louie the 14th, louie the 16th, henry the 8th, peter and catherine the great

What is humanism?

An intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievements

what is deism

Belief in God based on reason and natural law

what was the social contract

an agreement by which people gave up their freedom for an organized society

What is utilitarianism?

Greatest good for the greatest number of people

What did John Locke believe?

People have certain natural rights - life, liberty, and property

what did rousseau believe

social contract

What did Montesquieu believe?

Separation of powers, checks and balances

what did voltaire believe

Freedom of speech press and religion

what did beccaria believe

Abolishment of torture

what did wollstonecraft believe

women's rights

what did hobbes believe

That all people were born bad and that they needed a strong ruler to maintain order.

What were enlightened despots?

European monarchs who used the Enlightenment idea to rule fairly

where did enlightenment ideas promote revolutions

france, latin america, haiti, germany, italy, greece, etc

What was the estate system?

French society had traditionally be divided in:

• The First Estate: the Church

• The Second Estate: The nobility (willing to embrace reforms but the majority resisted change). and the

• The Third Estate: everybody else, majority of peasants and the middle class (sought change with no aim of revolution)

What caused the French Revolution?

Problem #1: Money-by 1787 the French government was bankrupt over 400 million livres in debt the 1st and 2nd estates refused to pay taxes

Problem #2: Bad Harvest-1787-1788 had terrible weather, heavy rain, hard winters, too hot summers peasants and farmers make smaller incomes or lose their jobs completely because of inflation

what was declaration of the rights of man

It was similar to the Declaration of Independence. It declared all men are created equal. It did not provide rights for women.

what was the reign of terror

the period of the French Revolution when thousands of people were killed

Who was Robespierre?

His rule in France was known as the "Reign of Terror" and sent many to the guillotine

who were the jacobins

radicals during the French Revolution that set out to erase all traces of the old order

What was the Directory?

After the terror it became the new political setting where 5 people were directors and decided things together.

who was napoleon bonaparte

French soldier who rose through the ranks to become emperor during the French Revolution

A famous general who conquered much of Europe in the early 1800's

What is the Napoleonic Code?

a new code of laws that abolished feudalism and encouraged equality and religious tolerance

Who was Olympe de Gouges?

a female journalist who demanded equal rights in her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Female citizen

what were the causes of many latin american revolutions?

governments controlled by peninsulares, creoles had no government power

Who was Simon Bolivar?

A Creole of Spanish heritage, Bolivar was born in Venezuela. He led successful rebellions and liberated Northern areas of Latin America unifying them as Gran Columbia, this garnered him the nickname, "El Liberatador" or "The Liberator" JAMAICA LETTER

Who was Jose de San Martin?

He led the revolt against Spain and won independence for Argentina

Who was Miguel Hidalgo?

He led the independence movement in Mexico against Spain

Who was Toussaint L'Ouverture?

A former slave from Haiti that learned to read and write. He lead the Haitian independence movement.

What are some examples of places that used nationalism to unify?

germany, ireland, italy, etc

what are some examples of places that used nationalism to separate?

Greece, austro-hungary, anywhere where they revoluted against colonialism, ireland

what are the factors of production?

land, labor, capital

where does the industrial revolution begin?

england

what are the effects of the industrial revolution?

urbanization, bad working conditions, legislation, child labor, age of imperialism

What is laissez-faire capitalism?

open market, hands off

who was the father of capitilism

adam smith

Who wrote the Communist Manifesto?

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

Who were the bourgeoisie/proletariat?

the middle class, including merchants, bankers, industrialists, doctors, and lawyers

what kind of economy does communism have?

command economy

what are some causes for imperialism

need for raw materials, imperialism

what were some justifications for imperialism?

social darwinism, religions missions, racism, 'white man's burden'

what was the berlin conference

The meeting where European countries gathered to discuss how to colonize Africa

what is economic imperialism?

An independent but less developed country controlled by private business interests rather than other governments

what are spheres of influence?

a country or area in which another country has power to affect developments although it has no formal authority.

what were the opium wars?

The Chinese government banned opium in the late 1830's

The British went to war with China in order to keep the opium trade going

The opium wars lasted through the 1950's

The British won the opium wars

What was the Open Door Policy?

an international agreement to keep China open to trade with all nations

What was the Boxer Rebellion?

a nationalist uprising against foreigners in China

what was the sepoy mutiny?

the failed attempt by people of India to resist foreign interference

What was the British Raj?

British rule in India

who was matthew perry and what did he do?

U.S Commodore who forced Japan to start trading again or else he'd blow up the place with the naval ships he brought.

what was the meiji restoration

A Japanese reform movement that returned power to the emperor and embraced western ideas

Who was Mustafa Kemal Ataturk?

• nationalist who westernized, modernized, democratized, secularized Turkey

what were the MAIN causes of ww1?

Militarism, alliances, imperialism, nationalism

what sparked ww1

the assassination of archduke franz ferdinand

what were the sides in ww1?

Allies and Central Powers

what was the schlieffen plan?

German plan that called for a two front war with France and Russia

what kind of warfare did they use in ww1

trench warfare

what kind of war was ww1

a war of attrition (stalemate)

what was some new technology used in ww1?

flamethrower

airplanes

chemical gases

tanks

machine guns

submarines

grenades

who was siegfried sassoon

Himself a victim of shell shock describes the psych. pain in his poem Survivors. He writes of soldiers with "dreams that drip with murder" and their "stammering, disconnected talk" By 1918 more than 20 mental hospitals in the U.K. (some disused spas) By end of WW1, over 80,000 cases of shellshock had passed through British Army medical facilities.

what was the zimmerman telegram

A telegram sent by Germany to Mexico asking them to join the war on the Central Powers' side.

what happened to the litsuania?

the freaking germans were being dumb with their fancy submarines and blew up an american passenger boat on the coast of ireland and killed a bunch of people

why did they us join ww1

the litsuania and the zimmerman telegram

what was the mandate system

Colonial rulers administered territories but were held accountable to the League of Nations.

What was the Balfore Declaration?

This said that there should be a Jewish state in Palestine.

what is the zionist movement

Attempt to create an independent Jewish state in Palestine, founded by Theodore Herzl

what is self determination?

the right of people to choose their own form of government

what was wilson's fourteen points?

A list of specific proposals for postwar peace (dont be mean to germany, didnt listen, hitler)

what was the league of nations

an international association whose goal would be to keep peace among nations

why didnt the league of nations work

US never joined

what were the effects of ww1

ottomans became modern turkey, new nations like poland, armenian genocide, european women gained suffrage

Who were the Bolsheviks?

Radical Russian Marxist revolutionaries

what did vladimir lenin campaign on?

Peace land and bread: pull out of ww1, land reform, no starvation

what economic plan did lenin instal?

the new economic policy

what were the five year plans good and bad at?

good: industrial output

bad: agriculture (collectivization didnt work)

what economic policy did stalin put in place

the five year plans

what kind of protests did gandhi use

civil disobedience