exam - allied

Anatomical position

standing upright, feet shoulder width apart, arms by each side with palms facing forward

anterior

towards the front of body

Posterior (dorsal)

towards the back of body

lateral

away from midline of body

Medial

towards midline of body

Distal

Further from the origin of a limb or other stucture

Proximal

closer from the origin of a limb or other stucture

superficial

closer to the surface of the skin

deep

further from the surface of the skin

superior

above

Inferior

below

Cranial

closer to the head

caudal

closer to the tail

rostral

closer to the nose

occipital

closer to the back of head

plantar

pertaining to plantar surface (underside of foot)

palmar

pertaining to palm of the hand

internal

inside

external

outside

dorsal

closer to the back of body

ventral

closer to the belly

bilateral

affecting a paired structure on both sides of the body

unilateral

affecting a paired structure on one side of the body

ipsilateral

affecting a structure on the same side of the body

contralateral

affecting a structure on the opposite side of the body

prone

laying face down

supine

laying face up

Frontal(coronal) plane

divides body into anterior and posterior portions

Sagittal (lateral) plane

divides the body into left and right portions

Transverse (axial) plain

divides the body into superior and inferior portions

Flexion

Bending a limb or a joint, reducing the joint angle

Example: Bending your knee

Extension

Straightening a limb or a joint, increasing the joint angle

Example: Straightening your knee

Abduction

Moving a body part away from the midline of the body

Example: moving arms out to the side

Adduction

Moving a body part towards the midline of the body

Example: moving arms to sit by each side of the body

Circumduction

movement of a body part around a joint in a circular motion

Example: Moving your wrist in a circular motion

Rotation

When a bone or limb pivots around a joint

Example: moving your wrist from left to right

Inversion

Rotation of the sole of the foot inwards

Eversion

Rotation of the sole of the foot outwards

Protraction

Movement of a body part in an anterior direction

(Only occurs at scapula and mandible)

Example: Moving your shoulders forward to bring your shoulder blades apart

Retraction

Movement of a body part in an posterior direction

(Only occurs at scapula and mandible)

Example: Moving your shoulder back to bring your shoulder blades together

Dorsiflexion

Pointing the toes upwards towards the dorsum of the foot

Plantar flexion

Pointing the toes downward towards the plantar surface of the foot

Elevation

movement in a superior direction

Example: shrugging your shoulders up towards your ears

Depression

movement in an inferior direction

Example: Bringing your shoulders from a shrugged position, down to their resting position

Pronation

Rotation of the forearm or foot so that the palmar or plantar surface points downwards or backwards

(Occurs mostly at the forearm)

Supination

Rotation of the forearm or foot so that the palmar or plantar surface points upwards or forwards

(Occurs mostly at the forearm)

Function of carbohydrates

primary energy source, energy storage in liver and muscle cells

Function of proteins

Repair and maintenance

enzymes

protein that has an active site which is specific and complementary to a substrate for its role

Function of lipids

insulation for thermoregulation, protection of organs, secondary energy source

Function of water

• lubrication of joints and cavities

• Sweating

• removal of waste

Metabolism

Metabolism refers to the whole sum of reactions that occur throughout the body within each cell and that provide the body with energy

What are the 2 metabolic reactions

anabolic and catabolic

Anabolic reactions

use smaller molecules to build larger substances, usually requiring energy

Catabolic reactions

break down larger substances into smaller molecules, usually releasing energy

What is aerobic cellular respiration

• where glucose is broken into C02 and H20 in the presence of 02 , releasing energy for cell use

• occurs in mitochondria

Homeostasis

is the condition of maintaining a relatively stable internal environment, within narrow limits, in the face of external change !!!

Variables regulated by homeostasis

- body temperature
- blood pressure
- blood glucose levels
- blood ph
- heart rate
- respiratory rate

Receptor

a structure that detects change within the body

control centre / coordinator

usually apart of the brain ( hypothalamus), that processes information from the receptor and works to initiate a response

Effector

a body part which takes action to respond to the stimulus

Example: blood vessels dilate when body temp is too high

Response

outcome of the process, it'll either amplify or oppose the change depending on the feedback loop

Negative feedback loop

response opposes stimulus

Process of negative feedback loop

1- Receptor detects stimulus and sends message to control centre

2- control centre initiates effector

3- effector initiates response

4- response opposes stimulus to bring it back within its normal limits

Positive feedback loop

Amplifies the stimulus

Process of positive feedback loop

1- Receptor detects stimulus and sends message to control centre

2- control centre initiates effector

3- effector initiates response

4- response amplifies stimulus

cell

the smallest unit of living things that vary in shape, size and function

tissue

large numbers of the same type of cell

organ

consists of at least two types of tissues and performs a specific function within the body

body system

comprised of several organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose

Function of cell membrane (plasma)

regulates inputs and outputs of the cell

Function of Mitochondrion

Site of aerobic respiration

function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Synthesises and processes lipids

Function of nucleus

controls cellular functions by coding for proteins

Function of nucleolus

Makes ribosomes

Function of ribosome

site of protein synthesis

Function of cytoplasm

Where most chemical reactions take place

Function of lysosome

Breaking down organelles that are no longer useful, removing "junk" so it doesn't clutter the cell; clean up crew

Function of golgi apparatus

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

(passive so no energy is required)

Osmosis

Osmosis is the net movement of water or other solvents across a semipermeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration

Active transport

• Energy-requiring process that moves larger molecules across a cell membrane against a concentration difference
  

• Low to High concentration
  

• requires ATP

Apoptosis

programmed cell death

necrosis

abnormal condition of premature death of cells

hypertrophy

abnormal condition of excessive development/nourishment

(cells increase in size)

atrophy

abnormal condition of no development/nourishment

(cells decrease in size or number)

Dysplasia

abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs

Metaplasia

abnormal condition of changing growth/ formation of cells

Hyperplasia

abnormal condition of excessive growth/ formation of cells

(increase in number)

neoplasia

abnormal condition of new uncontrolled growth/ formation of cells

hypoplasia

abnormal condition of low growth/ formation of cells

(decrease in number)

aplasia

abnormal condition of congenital absence or incomplete growth/ formation of cells

What to do if unsure of medical abbreviation or med term?

- ask a more qualified colleage or supervisor

- refer to a credible medical textbook or dictionary

- refer to workplace policies and procedures

What benefit does using checklists have in healthcare?

- ensures all tasks are completed in an efficient manner

- breaks down larger tasks into manageable steps

- Ensures accountability across staff as all responsibilities are set out clearly

What should you do if you obtain an error or highly abnormal reading upon taking a measurement?

- calmly and honestly explain the situation to the patient and ask for consent to retake it

- check the equipment isn't faulty

- ask for a more qualified colleague to retake the measurement with the patients consent

How can a healthcare professional maintain confidentiality surrounding a patients records?

- turn the notes upside down

- Keep notes safely secured , storage box or password locked

How can a healthcare professional maintain confidentiality during a consultation?

- close doors and windows

- ensure curtains are closed if any

- do not leave other patients notes laying around

How to prepare PRIOR to patient consultation?

- ensure room is clean

- gather necessary equipment

- apply PPE

- ensure comfortable conditions for patient (temperature/lighting)

What actions to take AFTER patient consultation?

- correctly dispose of any waste according to workplace policies and procedures

- safely store and sterilise any equipment used

- ensure room is neat and tidy for next patient

How to gain informed consent?

- explain what you'll be doing and why to the patient

- explain how the patient might feel during the procedure

- ensure the patient understands the risks and benefits of the procedure