B1.1 (Carbs and Lipids)

SI Units

used to ensure scientists from different parts of the world have the same standard system of measurements.

Carbohydrates

A group of organic compunds that typically contain hydrogen and oxygen at a 2:1 ratio & are usually easily utilised by cells for energy

Lipids

A diverse range of hydrophobic, organic compounds which all have chains of hydrocarbons

Covalent Bonds

Bonds between atoms where electrons are shared

Macromolecules

Large molecles eg. Carbohydrates, lipids, Proteins

Monomers

One of Something - a molecule that can be joined with other similar molecules to make a polymer

Polymers

Many of Something - a molecule made of many similar monomers joined together

Polysaccharides

"Many sugars" - Polymers of carbohydrates

Polypeptides

"Many peptides" - Polymers of amino acids (protein)

Nucleic Acids

Composed of a pentose sugar, notrogenous base and phosphate. E.g. DNA, RNA

Condensation Reactions

Reactions in which a bond is formed and water is also produced

Hydrolysis Reactions

Reactions in which a bond is broken using water ("water cutting")

Monosaccharides

"One Sugar" - Monomers of carbohydrates

Pentose Sugars

Sugars with 5 carbons

Hexose Sugars

Sugars with 6 carbons

Starch

Polysaccharide used for energy storage in plants

Amylose

Form of starch that is linear (no branches)

Amylopectin

Form of starch that is branched

Cellulose

Polysaccharide used for structure in plants, especially in cell walls

Glycogen

Polysaccharide used for energy storage in animals

Cellulose Microfibrils

a cluster of polymers of cellulose joined together with hydrogen bonds

Glycoproteins

Found in the membrane of cells. Proteins with a carbohydrate attached. used for cell recognition, communication & adhesion

Antigens

Substances which stimulate an immune response and the production of antibodies. Used as identifiers to tell if a cell belongs.

Amphipathic

Has both polar and non-polar parts

Hydrophobic

"scared of water" - Non polar substance that will not dissolve or mix with water

Hydrophilic

"water lover" - Polar or charged substance that will dissolve or mix with water

Triglycerides

Polymer of lipids formed from 1 glycerol & 3 fatty acids

Phospholipids

Type of lipid used in plasma membranes. composed of 1 glucerol, 2 fatty acids & 1 phosphate group

Fatty Acids

A long chain of carbon and hydrogen ending in a carboxyl (-COOH) group

Saturated Fatty Acids

Fatty acids where all carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Fatty acids where at least 1 carbon-carbon bond is a double bond

Monounsaturated Fatty Acids

Fatty acids where exactly 1 carbon-carbon bond is a double bond

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

Fatty acids where many carbon-carbon bonds are double bonds

Steroids

Lipids with with four carbon rings and a hydrocarbon chain

Fats

Triglycerides which are solid at room temperature, with relatively high melting points. The fatty acids are usually saturated.

Oils

Triglycerides which are liquid at room temperature, with relatively low melting points. The fatty acids are usually unsaturated.