Bios 209 EXAM 3 Ch.14 Animals: Invertebrates through MOLLLUCS

Invertebrates = not _________.

vertebrates

The roots of the word "bilateral" mean ______ __________.

2 sides

In biology, __________ is not synonymous with (the same as) aquatic, but rather means of the ocean or sea. If an animal is marine, does it live in freshwater or saltwater?

marine

saltwater

In the early development of animal embryos, there is a stage that is like a hollow ball, the outside of which is a single layer of cells. Then this “ball” forms layers. In vertebrates, the outer layer is called ___________, the middle layer is called __________, and the inner layer, which lines your digestive tube is called __________.

ectoderm

mesoderm

endoderm

The name for the stinging cells of cnidarians is the word root for Cnidaria + the word root for cell, i.e., ___________.

cnidocyte

Maintaining body fluids from becoming too diluted or too concentrated, i.e., having too much or too little water is called _______________.

osmoregulation

Fish, amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and birds are together called subphylum ______________.

Vertebrata

In most phyla, most species are living in the ocean or sea, i.e., are _______, meaning living in what?

marine

saltwater

By definition, how is being male versus female determined?

males have smaller gametes: eggs are bigger, sperm are smaller and usually motile (can move about)

Platyhelminthes are also called _______________.

flatworms

The stinging cells of jellyfish, corals, sea anemones, and Portuguese man o'wars are called ____________.

cnidocytes

We saw the root “gastro-“ in gastrula (dented in ball stage of early development) and gastrodermis. Gastro- means _________.

gut

Which of the following is unusual in completely lacking (none even of its subgroups having) a cell wall: archaea, bacteria, protists, plants, fungi, animals?

animals

Both animals and fungi are multicellular, eukaryotic heterotrophs. Troph means ________.

feeding

Hetero means _________.

other or different

What is different about feeding of fungi versus most animals?

Why are tapeworms an exception?

both feed on other organisms as a source of carbon, but animals ingest (take in chunks), whereas fungi absorb molecules that result from their releasing digestive enzymes outside their body onto their food

tapeworms are animals, but they absorb molecules because they live in already digested food, in vertebrate guts; tapeworms lack mouth and digestive tract

Our big groupings of organisms were into kingdoms and into domains. To what domain do all animals belong?

Eukarya

Kingdoms can be broken into what taxa (We’ve talked about 3 possibilities, 2 with prefixes.)

subkingdoms, superphyla, phyla

About __% of all animal species are vertebrates: 5%, 25%, 50% or 95%?

What classification level is Vertebrata 1 within Phylum ________.

5%

Chordata

subphylum

Vertebrates include what? (common names)

FARMB: fish, amphibians, reptiles, mammals, birds

I think it easy to remember that the layer from which skin develops is__________, because skin is your outer layer. I think of that same layer as denting in to make your spinal cord, which along with ganglia and some other structures is part of your __________system.

ectoderm

nervous

Describe the basic steps in animal development from fertilization to cell differentiation into the 3 layers

zygote, 2 cells, 4 cells, 8 cells, 16 cells, … ball hollows out with all cells moving to an outer layer, ball dents in on one side, becoming a gastrula, where the dented in part often forms a mouth or anus, then cells differentiate into 3 layers called, ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

What are the 3 layers of most embryos at the stage where the gut has started to form?

ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

Which of the 3 layers of an embryo does muscle tissue come from?

skin?

nervous tissue?

gut lining?

mesoderm

ectoderm

ectoderm

endoderm

Cephalization is most commonly associated with bilateral or radial symmetry?

bilateral

Which of the following have radial symmetry and which 4 have bilateral symmetry:

sea anemones-radial,

jellyfish-radial,

Platyhelminthes-bilateral,

vertebrates-bilateral,

leeches-bilateral,

sea slugs-bilateral

Organisms that are very few cells thick, such as sponges, cnidarians and flatworms, get oxygen into their cells and carbon dioxide out by the process of ___________alone.

Does this process use energy from the animal’s powerhouses (mitochondria) ?

Explain.

So why do larger animals need special structures like lungs or gills to use diffusion to get oxygen in and carbon dioxide out of their bodies?

diffusion

no

diffusion is net movement from high to low concentration just as a result of the fact that molecules are constantly in motion

diffusion only works quickly enough over very short distances [e.g., 1 mm] and short distances are achieved by having lots of surface area per volume, i.e., lots of places where molecules bounce in or out through

Does diffusion require cells to generate energy (ATPs) to move the oxygen and wastes?

Polyps, medusa and flatworms obtain oxygen and get rid of wastes by diffusion. What about them makes this possible? *See Hint 1

no

*Hint 1: Diffusion is only effective for getting enough oxygen over a _____very short distance because it is simply the result of the inherent motion that molecules have. Some species in this taxon have only 2 cellular layers named _____________epidermis and _______________gastrodermis, which isn’t very far for a molecule to bump its way to.

Which of the following are vertebrates: birds, mammals, mollusks, sea anemones, jellyfish, corals, worms, Homo sapiens (Chordata: Hominidae), leeches, sea slugs, gastropods, cephalopods, bivalves, sponges, fish, amphibians, reptiles, flatworms

Which of them have backbones?

Which animals in the above list of animals are invertebrates?

–FARMB (fish, amphibians, reptiles, mammals, birds)

– FARMB, i.e, all vertebrates

any that are not FARMB

Which animals are the least animal-like of the animals we covered?

because they lack what two types of tissue and what famous gene sequence?

sponges

muscle tissue, nervous tissue & Hox genes

Which animals lack true nervous tissue?

sponges

The most famous homeotic gene sequence of animals, i.e., ___________genes, are absent in which animals?

Hox

sponges

Do any invertebrates have eyes that can form images?

yes, [e.g., insects, jellyfish, snails]

Sponges, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Annelids Terms you should be able to explain or define, and use: look at charts

Sponges are the least animal-like of the animals in the sense that they lack what 2 types of tissue?

muscle, nerve

They also lack the famous homeotic genes that have so far been found in all other animals, i.e.,

Hox genes

What shape is a classic sponge?

vase-like

Because sponges and cnidarians don’t have a brain or a head, they are said to lack ____________.

cephalization

The very outermost layer of cells on you and also on sponges and other animals is called _______________.

epidermis

The word root for cell is _______.

The cells through which water enters a sponge are __________.

-cyte

porocytes

A cell that moves by extending (blobbing out) its cytoplasm in different directions is called a(n) __________.

amoebocyte

Most animals ingest their food with a mouth or mouth-anus; however, sponges ingest with a cell, and the process of ingestion by a cell is called ___________________. *See Hint 2.

*Hint 2: A noun with a root for feeding + a root for cell is _____________ phagocytosis or phagocyte.

What happens if you separate the cells of two sponges of different species and then leave the cells alone in a dish be?

The cells reassemble themselves back into two sponges, one of each species!

Do sponges exhibit cephalization?

no, nothing head-like or brain-like about them.

Stores sell rectangular sponges with which to wash your dishes - are these made from animals?

no

Most animals have muscle tissue and nerve tissue; which animals have neither?

Hox genes are also absent in this taxon. Hox genes are defined by sequence, not function; however, many of them have what function?

sponges

homeotic (affecting what body part grows in a given location on the body, e.g., legs or antennae, eyes or not eyes)

Which 4 of the following are in phylum Cnidaria: bacteria, corals, cephalopod, snail, jellyfish, Portuguese man o'war, protists, sea anemones, sponges?

corals, jellyfish, Portuguese man o'war, sea anemones

sponges, and non-animals (e.g., bacteria)

Which of these, insects, annelids, flatworms, cnidarians, sponges, has no nervous tissue?

sponges

Why might someone curse after picking up a coral?

due to what feature?

What other animals have this same type of cell?

pain

stinging cells

other cnidarians: sea anemones, Hydra, man-of-wars = man o’ wars, jellyfish

What is the feeding habit of jellyfish? sea anemones? Portuguese man o'wars? corals? *See Hint 3.

*Hint 3: all same answer – what kills and eats its food? predator

Stinging cells are a feature of what group [phylum]?

So which of the following produce stinging cells: sponges, jellyfish, sea anemones, corals, Portuguese man of wars, flatworms, roundworms, segmented worms, molluscs, arthropods, echinoderms?

Of those, which have a nerve net?

no nervous tissue? (The rest generally have brains to some extent.)

cnidarians

jellyfish, sea anemones, corals, man-of-wars = man o’ wars

the same ones that have stinging cells, i.e., all the cnidarians

sponges

When a polyp grows a small polyp off it and the small polp drops off and grows into a big polyp, that is called __________, and like binary fission it as an example of ____________reproduction.

budding

asexual

Sketch and describe polyp and medusa. Your sketch should include mouth-anus and tentacles.

Which is attached to a substrate?

which is free floating?

A hard coral is which of these 2 forms?

a sea anemone?

a jellyfish?

Which of these 3 animals usually have an exoskeleton of calcium?

And when these die and new ones grow on top, this forms what?

Where are these found and why?

mouth-a polyp’s anus and tentacles face up; a medusa’s mouth-anus and tentacles face down

polyp

medusa

polyp

polyp

medusa

coral

coral reef

clear shallow water

Budding by a polyp is similar to budding by yeast; what is budding? *See Hint 4.

*Hint 4: How does budding differ from binary fission? It has to do with relative size of end results. budding is asexual reproduction like fission; except with budding, the “parent” individual breaks into 2 unequal sized “products, e.g., a smaller polyp breaks off, versus with fission the 2 products are about equal in size

The common name for the endosymbiont in corals is ___________, which regardless of the specific taxon is the term for a photosynthetic aquatic plant-like organism. When those endosymbionts die or leave, the phenomenon is called ______________.

algae

coral bleaching

What type of symmetry do organisms that produce stinging cells generally have as adults? *See Hint 5.

*Hint 5: Picture the 2 forms that animals with stinging cells exist as – is each bilateral or radial? radial

Which of the following is/are flatworm(s): gastropods, slugs, sea slugs, snails, oysters, scallops, squid, annelids, leeches, cephalopods, tapeworms, bivalves, molluscs, arthropods?

tapeworms

Flatworms have protonephridia, and you can tell from the root nephr that the function is what?

like a kidney, i.e., controlling the balance of water and salts in the body

Tapeworm suckers lack openings and are not used for ingestion; how are the suckers used?

Where is a tapeworm’s opening, i.e., their mouth-anus into their gut? See Hint 6

Where tapeworms live explains your previous answer – explain. *See Hint 7.

attachment to the lining of their host’s gut

*Hint 6. Nowhere- tapeworms do not have an opening for food Do tapeworms ingest or absorb nutrients? absorb

* Hint 7. A tapeworm is in its host’s gut, where the food is already digested; so nutrient molecules just move through their outer covering [their cuticle]; food is not ingested, whereas most animals ingest

How may suckers and hooks be adaptive for tapeworms?

compared to tapeworm individuals that lack suckers and hooks, individuals that have suckers and hooks will get more nutrients because the contractions of the gut and the movement of food through the gut is less likely to cause the tapeworm to be quickly expelled, in which case fitness will be higher, i.e., more offspring; and if the trait (having suckers and hooks) is heritable, those offspring will also have suckers and hooks

Why are they called "adaptations" rather than "acclimations"? (i.e., recall these terms) An adaptation is a trait that increases ___________relative to _____having the trait. Acclimation happens to a(n) _______________, not a population.

fitness

not

individual

Which of the following are earthworms most closely related to? flatworms, round worms, caterpillars, centipedes, millipedes, leeches?

leeches

_______are the dividers inside an earthworm.

septa

To what kingdom do annelids belong?

domain?

What is their common name?

and annelids includes what 2 fairly well-known examples (common names)?

Animalia

Eukarya

segmented worms

earthworms & leeches

The ability to produce anticoagulant is an adaptation that what parasitic annelids have to obtain blood?

By definition, an adaptation is a trait that, relative to lacking the trait, increases _________.

How could these traits do that?

leeches

fitness

more food (blood) means more energy and nutrients which means better survival and can make more offspring

Adaptations result from what evolutionary process?

natural selection

The anticoagulant protein that leeches produce is produced commercially by single celled fungi, i.e., ___________, into which the DNA sequence for the protein has been artificially inserted [genetically engineered].

yeast

Protonephridia, metanephridia, nephridia, and nephrons serve what function? Hint: note nephr-. __________ just like our ______.

maintain a particular balance of water and salts, i.e., osmoregulation

kidneys

There is segmentation (repetition of the same unit) in the metanephridia, nervous tissue, hearts, and body cavity of which phylum of worms?

_______ divide the body cavity into separate “rooms.” The root for an organ or part of an organ that deals with salt-water balance is _______, and maintaining the balance of water and salts or ions or electrolytes is called ___________.

Annelida

Septa

nephr-

osmoregulation

Which of the following are annelids: flatworms, round worms, earthworms, caterpillars, centipedes, millipedes, leeches?

earthworms & leeches

If earthworms gave valentine cards to each other, their drawing of a(n) ____________would look like tubular rings hanging from a dorsal tube.

heart

Which of the following are molluscs: annelids, leeches, tapeworms, bivalves, arthropods, snails, slugs, earthworms, sponges, jellyfish, sea anemones, corals, squid, chambered nautiluses, oysters, clams, scallops, mussels, bivalves, gastropods, cephalopods?

Which of those are cephalopods?

gastropods?

bivalves?

bivalves, snails, slugs, squid, chambered nautiluses, oysters, clams, scallops, mussels, bivalves, gastropods, cephalopods

squid, chambered nautiluses

snails, slugs

oysters, clams, scallops, mussels

Which 1 of these taxa produces pearls: cephalopods, gastropods or bivalves?

bivalves

How may the production of pearls be an adaptation?

An adaptive trait increases _____relative to not having the trait and results from which of the 4 evolutionary processes that take place within a population (besides nonrandom mating)?

What are the other 3?

Making pearls results from a bivalve secreting shell solution when an irritant gets under the shell. Compared to individuals that lack the ability to make pearls, individuals that can make pearls will likely survive better because if a particle of sand gets under the shell, they secrete shell solution that coats it, making it smooth, so their body is less likely to get scraped by the particle, and so they are less likely to get an infection. If those individuals survive better, they can produce more offspring; and if the trait of coating irritants is heritable, those offspring will also have the ability to coat irritants

fitness

natural selection

mutation, gene flow, random genetic drift

Are molluscs vertebrates or invertebrates?

To what kingdom do they belong? domain?

invertebrates

Eukarya

Snails and other _____________have a univalve shell, if they have a shell. What is a bivalve shell?

gastropods

a shell made of 2 pieces [joined by a “hinge”]

What other animals that we talked about are octopuses most closely related to?

squid, Nautilus

What other animals that we talked about are slugs most closely related to?

snails

What other animals that we talked about are oysters most closely related to?

clams, mussels, oysters, scallops

What other taxa [2 classes or list examples within them] that we talked about are cephalopods most closely related to?

bivalves (clams, oysters, mussels, scallops), gastropods (snails, slugs, sea slugs)

How do gastropods generally feed?

scrape with toothed tongue

Bivalves lack a head, so we say they lack _____________

So how do bivalves feed?.

cephalization

suck water with particles in through the incurrent siphon

Octopus, squid and chambered nautiluses can jet through the water; how?

shoot water out the excurrent siphon

Because one side of a snail grows faster than the other side during development, the digestive tract twists around so that the anus ends up over the head. This twisting is called ____________.

torsion

How do snails feed?

by scraping algae with their toothed tongue

Describe how a snail ends up with its anus over its head.

In some species, this occurs but then later in development it "untwists" back. If the initial torsion in these species seems pointless, this developmental trait could be called a _____________ trait. *See Hint 8.

Cells undergo mitosis (divide) at a faster rate on 1 side of the digestive tract (tube) than on the other, which causes the side that is growing faster to become longer, and so the tube curls, causing the anus to eventually end up over the head [which creates a space where the head can pull into the shell when disturbed]

*Hint 8: begins with v___________ vestigial

Octopus and vertebrate eyes are similar in structure. Similarity in structure can be due to __________ ____________or _____________ ___________. Because the two types of eyes develop in different ways, the similarity is an example of which?

common ancestry → homologous structures

convergent evolution → analogous structures

convergent evolution → analogous structures

What will happen to a tube (e.g., a gut) that is made of cells if cells on one side undergo cell division faster than cells on the other side and the cells are not getting smaller over time?

This happens in cells of the gut early in development, and the gut twists because of it. So sections of the gut-tube (digestive tract) end up looking like a C-shaped pipe instead of a straight pipe: by logic, will the inside of the C←, i.e., this part that I am pointing to, be the side of the gut where cells divide faster or slower than the other side?

The side that the cells are undergoing mitosis faster on gets longer than the other side causing the tube to turn.

slower

How does a chambered nautilus regulate its buoyancy?

If it releases gas into its chambers, it becomes less dense overall and moves up in the water. If it absorbs gas from its chambers, it becomes denser and sinks down in the water.