TCW-REVIEWER

Globalization

The process of expanding various socio-cultural and socio-ecological processes from national to international and transcultural level.

Global Connectedness Index (GCI)

A measurement of flows and interconnections among countries in terms of globalization.

Economic Globalization

The type of globalization that focuses on the reduction of trade barriers and the integration of economies through the movement of goods, services, and capital across borders.

Social Globalization

The type of globalization that involves the increasing contact between people and their cultures.

Political Globalization

The type of globalization that refers to the enlargement of the international political system and countries' political cooperation.

Trading

Economic exchanges enabled by international fiscal payments.

Capital Movement

The movement of foreign investment.

Foreign Direct Investment

The act of buying or putting up a firm in a foreign country.

Cultural Globalization

The increasing contact between people and their cultures due to globalization.

Political Globalization

The enlargement of the international political system through globalization.

Global Economy

Denotes that the economies of various countries are more interconnected.

International Financial Institutions

Global financial institutions that support a country's economic growth through loans, grants, and technical advice.

Economic Globalization

The increasing integration of economics around the world through the movement of goods, services, and capital across borders.

International Trade Systems

Systems that facilitate trade between countries, such as the Silk Road.

Mercantilism

A system of global trade with multiple restrictions, characterized by countries competing to sell more goods.

Gold Standard

A common system that allowed efficient trade and prevented isolationism, with currency prices and fixed exchange rates based on the value of gold.

Bretton Woods System

A system created after the Great Depression to promote economic stability and prevent isolationism, influenced by British economist John Maynard Keynes.

Neoliberalism

An ideology that emphasizes the role of the private sector in economic growth and development.

Market Integration

The process where economies become more interdependent and connected, involving commodity flows, externalities, and spillover impacts.

International Financial Institutions (IFIs)

Institutions that provide support through loans, grants, and technical advice to promote economic and social development, but have issues with legitimacy, effectiveness, support, financial capacity, and sustainability.

Multinational Corporations (MNCs)

Corporations that operate in more than one country at a time.

Transnational Corporations (TNCs)

Enterprises involved in the international production of goods or services, foreign investments, or income and asset management in more than one country.

Global Interstate System

An institutional arrangement of governance that addresses regional or globalized issues beyond the scope of a nation-state.

Internationalism

Political, economic, and cultural cooperation between nations that emphasizes diversity and celebrates multiculturalism.

Globalism

An ideology based on the belief that the flow of people, goods, and information should flow freely across national borders.

Global Governance

Collective efforts to identify, understand, and address worldwide problems that go beyond the problem-solving capacities of states.

Global Media Cultures

Cultures that emerge due to the proliferation of mass media.

Cultural Differentialism

Recognizing that cultures are inherently and strongly distinct from one another.

Cultural Hybridization

A creative process that yields combinations of global and local cultures when external inputs interact with internal inputs.

Cultural Convergence

Making cultures more homogeneous across nation states.

Media Culture

A means of conveying something and a channel of communication.

Oral Communication

The era of communication that relied on spoken words.

Script

The era of communication that relied on writing systems.

Printing Press

The era of communication that was revolutionized by the invention of the printing press.

Electronic Media

The era of communication that emerged with the advent of electronic technologies.

Digital Media

The era of communication that emerged with the digital revolution.

Media and the Filipinos

The significant influence of media on young Filipinos in various ways.

Processes of Cultural Hybridization

The different ways in which cultures adopt and adapt to global influences.

Glocalization of Religion

The intermingling of universal and local religious beliefs.

Secularization

The diminishing role of religion in society.

Religious Pluralism

The coexistence of different religious beliefs and practices.

Religious Tolerance

Allowing others to abide by their own religious practices and beliefs.

Religious Fundamentalism

Manifests in two ways:a return to traditional religious beliefs and practices or a rejection of secular influences.

Nonviolent intolerance

Extreme identification with a particular religion.

Violent tolerance

Direct use of physical violence in pursuing subjectively-defined religious missions.

Glocalization of Religions

Refers to the phenomenon that matters in analyzing religion trends in the age of globalization.

Deterritorialization

The flow of religious traditions in areas where these traditions are unfamiliar.

Transnationalization

Absorption of a universal religion into one's own culture.

Nationalization

Blending of universal religion and local, national practices.

Particularism

Blending of religious universalism with local particularism.

Indigenization

Blending of religious practices with Indigenous practices.

Vernacularization

Blending of religious universalism with vernacular language.

The Globalization of Education

The process of knowledge exchange in the age of globalization.

Equivalency

The process for an academic degree to be recognized across different countries.

Qualifications Framework

A set of educational qualifications between and among nation-states.

Transnational Education

Academic partnership with other countries.

Internationally mobile students

Students who participate in educational activities in different countries.

Foreign Students

Non-citizens who are currently enrolled in higher education degree courses.

Credit-Mobile Students

Students who take some units from a foreign university without necessarily moving to another country.

Equivalence and recognition process

The process that addresses the international labor market.

Qualifications Framework

A set of standards and competences that serve as a basis for educational qualifications.

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