TCW-REVIEWER

Globalization - process of expanding various socio-cultural and socio-ecological processes from national to international and transcultural level.

-rapid process of cultural, economic, and institutional integration among

countries.

driven by liberalization of trade, capital flows, technological

advances, and pressures for assimilation towards international standards.

GCI – Global Connectedness Index a measurement of flows and interconnections

3 TYEPES OF GLOBALIZATION:

ECONOMIC- trade barriers

SOCIAL- Information

POLITICAL- countries political cooperation

Scholte (2005) identifies macro-structural changes in a globalized society such as product and services integration through the commodity value chains, emerging

institutional arrangements, pluralistic identity, and growth of supra-territorial relations.

4 KEY SHIFTS IN SOCIETY:

-Growth of trans- and supra-territorial connectivity

-Shift from capitalism to hyper capitalism focused on production

-A move from nationalism toward identifying pluralism and hybridity

-From rationalism toward knowledge reflexivity

CAUSES OF GLOBALIZATION

  1. TRADE LIBERALIZATION- reduction of trade barriers (lesser import taxes)

  2. IMPROVEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY

  3. REDUCED COST/ IMPROVEMENT OF COMMUNICATIONS AND TRANSPORTATION

  4. DEREGULATION OF FINANCIAL MARKETS-

  5. INCREASED SIGNIFICANCE OF TNC (TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATION)

EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION

-Increase in competition

-Exchange of technologies

-Increase in investment levels and rise in opportunities

-Multinational and multicultural management

-Leads to procurement and outsourcing

CONCEPTS OF GLOBALIZATION

Trading- economic exchanges enabled by international fiscal payments

Capital Movement- foreign investment

Foreign direct investment -buying or putting up a firm in a foreign country

Cultural Globalization – increasing contact between people and their cultures

Political Globalization- enlargement of the international political system

Globalizations have LOSERS and GAINERS

THE GLOBALIZATION OF THE WORLD ECONOMY

GLOBAL ECONOMY- Denotes that the economies of various

countries are more interconnected

International Financial Institutions - global financial institutionsthat support a country’s economicgrowth through support

IMF (INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND)

ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION -increasing integration of economics around the world through the movement of goods, services, and capital across borders

( Increased trade= faster global investment mobilization)

International Trade Systems-are not new.

Silk Road- a network of pathways in the ancient world that spanned from China to what is now the Middle East and to Europe.

-Oldest is international trade route was the

-NOT GLOBAL.

Dennis Flynn and Arturo Giraldez-

Age of globalization began when “all important populated continents began to exchange products continuously, both with each other directly or indirectly…”-

GALLEON TRADE- Connected Manila in the Philippines and Acapulco in Mexico

-First time Americans were directly connected to Asian trading routes.

-part of the age of mercantilism

16th century- 18th century (Europe)- countries competed with one another to sell more goods as a means to boost their country’s income

Mercantilism was thus also a

system of global trade with multiple restrictions

GOLD STANDARD- common system that would allow efficient trade and

prevent isolationism of the mercantilist era.

-Currency prices and fixed exchanged rate system- all based on the

value of gold.

The Great Depression- worst and longest recession ever experienced by the Westernworld

FIAT currencies- that are not backed by precious metals

The Bretton Woods System

BWS was largely influenced by British economist John Maynard Keynes- believed that economic crises occur not when country does not have enough money but when money is not being spent- (infusion of capital) – global Keynesianism

Bretton Woods agreed to create 2 financial institutions:

  1. World Bank

  2. IMF

Keynesian- increase demands means increase in prices; outpouring of

money from governments into their economies

birth of new ideology came as the Keynesian orthodox was challenged–

NEOLIBERALISM- choose private sectors

Stagflation (decline in economic growth and employment) and Inflation (price increase) take place.

Economic Globalization Today

The world has become too integrated

-Developed countries are protectionists

Market integration -process where economies become more interdependent and connected, involving commodity flows, externalities, and spillover impacts.

International Financial Institutions (IFIs) -provide support through loans, grants, and technical advice to promote economic and social

development.

Corporations- goods and services for a global market. Transnational corporations

(TNCs)- have a more complex environment, with foreign subsidiaries developing their own product lines and marketing

(MNCs) focusing on exporting their products and services.

Horizontal integration- involves a firm controlling other firms performing similar marketing functions

Vertical integration- involves owning operations and products along the supply chain

The International Financial Institutions and their Role in the Global Economy

-support through loans or grants and

technical advices

-provide financial and technical services and products, not for profit but for overall economic and social development

- provide loans , technical assistance and policy based lending.

-also work with private sector for investment and policy reforms to

promote private sector expansion.

HOWEVER, there are four key issues with IFIS;

1. LEGITIMACY

2. EFFECTIVENESS

3. SUPPORT

4. CONDITIONALLY, FINANCIAL CAPACITY, AND SUSTAINABILITY

The Global Corporations- one of the major players in Globalization

MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS (MNC) -also called transnational corporation, any corporation that is registeredand operates in more than one country at a time

TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS ( TNC ) -An enterprise that is involved with the international production of goodsor services, foreign investments, or income and asset management in more than one country.

THE GLOBAL INTERSTATE

SYSTEM -Is an institutional arrangement of governance that addresses

regional or globalized issues that go beyond the scope of a

nation-state

Internationalism- puts emphasis on diversity and celebratesmulticulturalism

Globalism- focuses more on the economicaspect

Interstate System ( Chase Dunn)- system of unequally powerful and competing States in which no single states is capable in imposing control on all other's.

EFFECTS of GLOBALIZATION on

GOVERNMENTS

• attract major global investors

• Create job

• generate Income

• consulting agricultural land into indstrial zone

• demanding lower taxes and income wage

• argue that will create more jobs

INSTITUTIONS THAT GOVERN GLOBALIZATION

  • UNITED NATION (UN)

-192 members states

  • REGIONAL COMMISSION

  • WORLD BANK (WB)

INTERNATIONALISM-defined internationalism as political, economic,and cultural cooperation between nations emphasizes diversity and celebrates multiculturalism

GLOBALISM- ideology based on the belief that flow ofpeople, goods and information should flow freelyacross national boarders

GLOBAL GOVERNANCE -collective efforts to identify,understand, and address worldwideproblems that go beyond theproblems- solving capacities of states.

The Rise of Non-State Actors- These international organizations in thepublic and private sectors are set withhigher objectives and goals to participatein global governance and improving lives.

The United NationsI- IGO design to make the enforcement ofinternational law, security, human rights, economicdevelopment, and social progress easier for countries around the world.

The UN is divided into five branches:

1.The UN general Assembly- The main decision making and representative assembly

3.The International Court of Justice

-Responsible for international law, legal disputes between states

4.The Economic and Social Council-

Assist the Un General Assembly in promoting economic and

5.The Secretariat- Provides studies, information and other dates when neededby other UN

Global Media Cultures

CULTURE - way of life

MEDIA CULTURES - cultures that emerges due to the proliferation of mass media

MATERIAL CULTURE - the way of life manifests in tangible objects.

NON-MATERIAL CULTURE - this also shows in intangible ideas that we hold dear.

Cultures are articulated in:

Symbols - or illustrations that convey meanings.

Language - or a system of symbols

Values - what we deem good, desirable, and important.

Beliefs - what we deem true.

Practices - how we do things.

Norms - rules, roles and expectations

Humans have different ways to learn culture:

Culture socialization - Culture that we can learn in home and community.

Cultural exchange - we experience a different culture.

Acculturation - Adopting certain values and practices of the new culture.

Accommodation - Adopting the new culture only when we are in public.

Assimilation - Adopting in a larger degree that we begin to resemble the people in the other group.

GLOBALIZATION AND CULTURE

Globalization facilities is the sharing of ideas, attitudes, and values across national borders due to

increased “contact between people and their cultures.”

Cultural flows -refer to this dynamics of culture in the age of globalization

Global Cultural flows can be viewed in different ways:

Cultural Differentialism - to recognize that cultures are inherently and strongly

Cultural Hybridization - a creative process which yields combinations of global and local cultures when external inputs interact with internal inputs.

Forth Global flows of Apparadurai’s

(1996) Concept of Scapes and Hints

  • Ethnoscapes

  • Technoscapes

  • Financescapes

  • Mediascapes

  • Ideoscapes

Another view to recognize

Globalization:

Cultural Convergence - making cultures more homogeneous across nation states

Media Culture -“a means of conveying something”

“a channel of communication”

Globalization and Media can be

captures in five (5) distinct eras:

  • Oral Communication

  • Script

  • Printing Press

  • Electronic Media

  • Digital Media

  • Media and the Filipinos

Media and the Filipinos -The media has a significant influence on young Filipinos in various

ways.

Processes of Cultural Hybridization

  • A-CULTURISED- without any

  • Substance associated with any culture.

  • DECULTURALISED- made to be appealing to global audience by

  • removing culture-specific elements.

  • RECULTURALISED- given another

  • culture touch

Globalization Of Religion

  • Religion- a unified system of beliefs and practice

  • Secularization- diminishing role of religion in the society.

  • Glocalization of Religion- intermingling of universal and local religious beliefs.

Three Essential Elements of

Religion

  • It is an “observable phenomenon” which can be studied objectively.

  • It is construed as an organized and ordered system.

  • The sacredness of religious entities is collectively constructed in a social process toward a united "moral community".

  • Kenneth Pargament- A psychologist specializing in the study of religionand psychological well-being.

-Defined religion as "a process, search for significance in ways related to the sacred"

  • Victor Boudometof- made an essay calledGlobal and Religion.

Two Distinct Perspectives in Modern Times

  • the notion of post-secular or the return of religious consciousness in the public sphere

  • religious modernity, where secularization is an active process emerging from social action.

Religious Pluralism and Tolerance

  • Dispora - a Jewish’s experience of old religions

  • Cultural Pluralism- a phenomenon when a small group of shared identity maintains their cultural practices as long as italigns with the larger society's norms.

  • Religious Tolerance - - allowing others to abide by their own religious practices and beliefs

Religious fundamentalism manifests in two ways:

  • Nonviolent intolerance - extreme identification with a particular religion

  • Violent tolerance - direct use of physical violence in pursuing subjectively-defind religious missions

  • Glocalization of Religions- Is referred to another phenomenon that matters in analyzing religiontrends in the age of globalization.

  • Deterritorialization- Is the flow of religious traditions in areas where these traditions areunfamiliar

4 Forms of Glocalization

  • Transnationalization-

- absorption of a universal religion into one one's own culture

  • Nationalization-

- universal religionand local, national

  • Particularism

  • Indigenization-

- religious universalism with local particularism

-religious practices are blended with Indigenous practices

  • Vernacularization

- religious universalism with vernacular language

-sacred practices remain to be tied to particular sacred

The Globalization of Education

  • Education- a process of knowledge

  • Equivalency- a process for an academic degree

  • Qualifications Framework- a set of educational qualifications between and among nation-state

  • Transnational Education--academic partnership with other countries

Three different types of International students:

  • Internationally mobile students -a students whoparticipate ineducational activitiesin different country.

  • Foreign Students-non- citizens who orcurrently enrolled in

  • higher education degree courses

  • Credit- Mobile Students- not necessarily moving into another country but are taking some units from a foreign university.

Equivalence and recognition process- the international labor market has been addressed through this process

Qualifications Framework- -a set of standards and competences that serve as a basis