Science 9 Reviewer - First Quarter

Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms across Circulatory and Respiratory Systems, Blood, Inheritance, Biodiversity, Ecosystems, Chemistry, Volcanoes, Climate, and Stars sections from the notes.

Cardiovascular System

Transports blood throughout the body; comprised of the heart, blood vessels, and blood; functions with the lymphatic system as parts of the circulatory network.

Lymphatic System

Transports lymph fluid and helps return excess interstitial fluid to the bloodstream; part of the circulatory system.

Pericardium

Double-walled sac that encloses the heart.

Epicardium

Outer layer of the heart wall; part of the heart's protective covering.

Myocardium

Muscle layer of the heart responsible for pumping action.

Endocardium

Inner lining of the heart chambers.

Atrioventricular valves (Tricuspid and Mitral/Bicuspid)

Valves between atria and ventricles; tricuspid is on the right, mitral/bicuspid on the left; prevent backflow during contraction.

Semilunar valves (Pulmonary and Aortic)

Valves between ventricles and arteries; close during relaxation (diastole) to prevent backflow.

Arteries

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart; usually high pressure and elastic.

Veins

Blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart; thinner walls and lower pressure; contain valves.

Capillaries

Tiny blood vessels with walls one cell thick, where diffusion, filtration, and osmosis occur.

Tunica externa/ Tunica media/ Tunica intima

Three layers of blood vessel walls: externa (outer), media (middle), intima (inner).

Pulmonary circulation

Blood flow between the heart and lungs.

Systemic circulation

Blood flow between the heart and the rest of the body.

Coronary circulation

Blood vessels that supply the heart muscle itself.

Blood

Fluid connective tissue; plasma 55% and formed elements 45%; produced in bone marrow.

Plasma

Liquid component of blood containing water, proteins, electrolytes and other solutes.

Erythrocytes

Red blood cells; biconcave, elastic; in humans are anucleated.

Leukocytes

White blood cells; immune cells; nucleated and capable of various defense actions.

Granulocytes

White blood cells with granules: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils.

Agranulocytes

White blood cells without granules: lymphocytes and monocytes.

Thrombocytes

Platelets; cell fragments that help clot blood.

ABO blood groups

Blood groups A, B, AB, and O determined by A and B antigens and corresponding antibodies.

Karl Landsteiner

Scientist who discovered the ABO blood group system.

Rh factor

Presence (Rh+) or absence (Rh−) of the Rh antigen on red blood cells affecting compatibility.

Cardiac cycle

Sequence of events in a heartbeat: diastole, atrial systole, ventricular systole.

Diastole

Heart chambers relax and fill with blood (approximately 0.4 seconds).

Atrial systole

Atria contract to push blood into the ventricles (approximately 0.1 seconds).

Ventricular systole

Ventricles contract to eject blood into arteries (approximately 0.4 seconds).

S1 (Lub)

Sound made by closing of the AV valves at the start of systole; softer pitch.

S2 (Dub)

Sound made by closing of the semilunar valves at the end of systole; louder.}

Blood pressure

Force of blood against artery walls; typical 120/80 mmHg (systolic/diastolic).

Sphygmomanometer

Medical device used to measure blood pressure.

Nose

Nasal passage; filters air with cilia and mucus.

Pharynx

Throat; passage for air and food.

Larynx

Voice box; contains vocal cords.

Trachea

Windpipe with cartilage rings that conducts air to the lungs.

Bronchi and Bronchioles

Airways that branch into the lungs; bronchioles are very small passages.

Alveoli

Air sacs in the lungs (about 500 million) where gas exchange occurs.

Inhalation

Diaphragm contracts; intrapulmonic pressure falls below atmospheric pressure.

Exhalation

Diaphragm relaxes; intrapulmonic pressure rises above atmospheric pressure.

Pneumonia

Lung infection causing alveolar fluid buildup.

Asthma

Airways constriction due to irritants or allergens; treatable with medications.

Emphysema

Destruction of alveolar walls; reduces gas exchange capacity.

Thrombosis

Formation of blood clots within vessels.

Hemorrhage

Excessive bleeding due to vessel rupture or impaired clotting.

Atherosclerosis

Plaque buildup in arteries causing hardening and narrowing.

Hypertension

High blood pressure; risk factor for stroke and organ damage.

Sedentary lifestyle

Low physical activity; associated with higher cardiovascular risk.

LDL

Low-density lipoprotein; called 'bad' cholesterol; contributes to plaque buildup.

Diploid (2N)

Cell with two complete sets of chromosomes (humans: 46).

Haploid (N)

Cell with one set of chromosomes (humans: 23 in gametes).

Homologous chromosomes

Chromosome pairs with same genes in the same order, one from each parent.

P arm

Short arm of a chromosome.

Q arm

Long arm of a chromosome.

Sperms X and Y

Male gametes; normally 50% carry X and 50% carry Y (heterogametic).

Eggs (X)

Female gametes; always carry the X chromosome (homogametic).

Gene

Fundamental unit of heredity located at a specific locus.

Locus

Location of a gene on a chromosome.

Monohybrid cross

Genetic cross examining a single gene trait.

Dihybrid cross

Genetic cross examining two gene traits simultaneously.

Non-Mendelian inheritance

Patterns of inheritance that do not follow classic Mendel’s laws (e.g., incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles).

Incomplete dominance

Heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between the two alleles.

Codominance

Both alleles are expressed fully and separately in the phenotype.

Multiple alleles

More than two alleles exist for a gene in a population.

Sex-linked (holandric) traits

Traits located on the sex chromosomes; Y-linked traits affect males more.

Sex-influenced traits

Traits influenced by hormonal differences; often autosomal.

Sex-limited traits

Traits expressed in only one sex due to biological factors.

Biodiversity

Variety of life in an area, including genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity.

Genetic biodiversity

Variation of genes within a population or species.

Species biodiversity

Diversity of species in an area.

Ecosystem biodiversity

Diversity of ecosystems in a region.

Photoautotrophs

Organisms that synthesize organic matter using light energy (photosynthesis).

Chemoautotrophs

Organisms that synthesize organic matter using inorganic chemical energy (often in archaea).

Metabolism

All chemical processes that sustain life.

Anabolism

Energy-requiring metabolic pathways that build complex molecules.

Catabolism

Metabolic pathways that break down molecules for energy.

Photosynthesis

Process by which light energy is used to convert CO2 and water into glucose and oxygen.

NADPH, ATP, NADP+, G3P

Key molecules in photosynthesis; NADPH and ATP power the Calvin cycle; G3P is a three-carbon sugar formed during the cycle.

Glycolysis

First stage of cellular respiration occurring in the cytoplasm; converts glucose to pyruvate.

Pyruvate

End product of glycolysis; enters the mitochondria to fuel the Krebs cycle.

Krebs cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

Takes place in the mitochondrial matrix; produces NADH, FADH2, and CO2 while generating ATP.

Electron transport chain (ETC)

Series of proteins in the inner mitochondrial membrane that produce most ATP during cellular respiration.

Mitochondrial membrane

Membrane where the ETC resides and oxidative phosphorylation occurs.

32 ATP

Approximate net yield of ATP from one glucose molecule in aerobic respiration via oxidative phosphorylation.

Chemical bonds

Forces that hold atoms together in molecules.

Octet rule

Atoms tend to attain eight electrons in their valence shell for stability.

Covalent bonding

Bond formed by sharing electron pairs between atoms.

Oxidation

Loss of electrons or increase in oxidation state.

Polyatomic ions

Ions composed of two or more atoms bonded together with an overall charge.

Metallic bonds

Bonding with a 'sea of electrons' shared among many metal atoms.

VSEPR

Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion theory; predicts molecular shapes (linear, trigonal planar, tetrahedral, trigonal bipyramidal, octahedral).

Alkanes

Hydrocarbons with the formula CnH2n+2; single bonds only.

Alkenes

Hydrocarbons with the formula CnH2n; at least one double bond.

Alkynes

Hydrocarbons with the formula CnH2n-2; at least one triple bond.

Aromatic compounds

Organic compounds derived from benzene rings.

Functional groups

Specific groups of atoms that determine the properties and reactions of molecules (e.g., carbonyl, carboxyl, hydroxyl).

Carbonyl group (C=O)

Functional group with a carbon double-bonded to oxygen; present in ketones and aldehydes.

Carboxyl group (-COOH)

Functional group present in carboxylic acids; acidic property.

Hydroxyl group (-OH)

Functional group found in alcohols; polar and reactive.