ShabMan's: James_DeLarme's Era 3: 1750 to 1900 (Unit 5 and 6) + Jason_King36' Age of Revolution + Gary_Currie9's Age of Revolutions

absoultism

A political system in which a ruler holds total power

Enlightenment

a movement that emphasized science and reason as guides to help see the world more clearly

Louis XIV

French king who was an absolute ruler

philosophe

Writers during the Enlightenment and who popularized the new ideas of the time.

Thomas Hobbes

believed that people are born selfish and need a strong central authority

John Locke

English philosopher who argued that people have natural rights

Baron de Montesquieu

believed government should have separation of powers

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

social contract

Voltaire

French philosopher and writer whose works epitomize the Age of Enlightenment, often attacking injustice and intolerance.

French Revolution

a rebellion of French people against their king in 1789

Maxiilien Robespierre

one of the leaders of the French Revolution and lead the Reign of Terror

Bastille

A medieval fort and prison in Paris used to store gun powder

Guillotine

A machine for beheading people, used as a means of execution during the French Revolution.

Scorched Earth Policy

the practice of burning crops and killing livestock during wartime so that the enemy cannot live off the land

Napoleon Bonaparte

French general who became emperor of the French (1769-1821)

Battle of Waterloo

This was the battle that Napoleon lost after his return from Elba that ended his reign as French ruler

Mesitizo

A person of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry.

Reign of Terror

the historic period (1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed

Coup d'etat

a sudden overthrow of the government

King George III

King of England during the American Revolution

Marie Antoinette

queen of France (as wife of Louis XVI) who was unpopular

Estates

The social classes in France

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

Monroe Doctrine

an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers

Napoleonic Code

body of French civil laws introduced in 1804; served as model for many nations' civil codes

Defeat of Napoleon

Napoleon's mismanagement of his military against Russia

Napoleon

French general who became emperor of the French (1769-1821)

Napoleonic Code

This was the civil code put out by Napoleon that granted equality of all male citizens

King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette

French monarchs executed during the French Rev. by the guillotine

Estates System

French social system that divided the people into three categories: the clergy, the nobility, and everyone else

Estates General

An assembly of representatives from all three of the estates, or social classes, in France.

National Assembly of France

Governing body of France that succeeded the Estates-General in 1789 during the French Revolution. It was composed of, and defined by, the delegates of the Third Estate.

Women's March on Versailles

On October 5, 1789 an angry mob of Parisian women stormed through Versailles demanding Louis XVI end the nationwide food shortage and that the royal family return to Paris with them.

What did King Louis XVI get charged with?

conspiring with Austria; committing treason

Napoleonic Wars

French wars against England, Prussia, Russia, and Austria led by Napoleon

1st estate of France

the clergy; 10 percent of land, 2 percent of income is taxed

2nd estate of France

nobility, 2% of population, 20% of land, NO TAXES

3rd estate of France

peasants and wealthy gentry, merchants, lawyers, doctors; 50% of their income taxed

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution. He freed the slaves and gained effective independence for Haiti despite military interventions by the French.

Miguel Hidalgo

Mexican priest who led peasants in call for independence and improved conditions

Tennis Court Oath

A pledge made by the members of France's National Assembly in 1789, in which they vowed to continue meeting until they had drawn up a new constitution

Storming of the Bastille

The event that started the French Revolution. French people needed weapons from this building to fight the King's army.

John Locke

English philosopher who argued that people have natural rights. Big influence on American and French Revs (5.1)

Adam Smith

This philosopher advocated for Laissez-faire economics (Supply and Demand) and provided a foundation for capitalism.
Wrote Wealth of Nations

Industrialization in USA

democracy, societal change, expressive political system, no major socialism or class consciousness (5.6)

Socialism

The social organization of political and economic theory should be regulated by the community as a whole. (5.6)

laboring class

suffered most and benefited least because the aristocrats minimized their profit, but maximized their own (5.7)

What environmental factors contributed to the development of Migration? (1750-1900)

The environment shapes human societies, and as populations grow and change, these populations, in turn, shape their environments. Migration changed the demographic in both industrialized and unindustrialized societies that presented challenges to existing patterns of living. (6.6)

What economic factors contributed to the development of migration? (1750-1900)

Some people chose to freely relocate in search of work. As societies develop, they affect and are affected by the ways that they produce, exchange, and consume goods and services. (6.6)

Enlightenment ways of thinking

- rethinking relationship with God
- now using human reasoning, law, and logic
- Francis Bacon: Reality through the senses and running experiments
(5.1)

Forced Migration (1750-1900)

The new global economy relied on coerced and semi-coerced migration as well as Chinese and Indian indentured servitude and convict labor. (6.6)

Industrialization in Russia

They were an autocratic government with state-initiated industrialization. They tried to catch up with other powerful European states. (5.6)

British textile industry

Technological breakthrough of Industrial Revolution, innovations transformed cotton textile production. Used 52 mil mounds of cotton in 1800, 588 mil pounds in 1850. Production of coal soared from 5.23 mil tons (1750) to 68.4 mil tons a century later.

Fossil Fuels

Britain began to rely on \______ to power different machines, and fossil fuels replaced earlier means of using energy. These fossil fuels- coal, natural gas, and guano (bird excrements) This breakthrough allowed for the sustainability of not only the animals that humans ate but also the growing human population itself. (5.5)

Steam Engine

This was a coal fired invention that provided an inanimate and almost limitless source of power beyond that of wind, water, or muscle and could be used to drive any number of machines as well as locomotives and oceangoing ships. (5.4)

British Textile Industry

This industry greatly improved and progressed during the Industrial Revolution through the mass production of textiles produced due to new inventions. The industry used 52 million pounds of cotton in 1800 and consumed 588 million pounds in 1850 as multiple technological innovations and factory based production vastly increased output. (5.4)

Coal Industry

This industry was central to the Industrial Revolution as it was used to produce "coal gas" which was used for public lighting. There would be factories and production facilities full of coal where this coal would be burned to create "coal gas". During the Industrial Revolution, the production of coal soared from 5.23 million tons in 1750 to 68.4 millions tons a century later. (5.4)

Railroads

These were networks of iron (later steel) rails on which steam (later electric or diesel) locomotives pulled long trains at high speeds. The first were built in England in the 1830s. Success caused the construction of these to boom lasting into the 20th Century. At the time of the Industrial Revolution, these railroads crossed all of Britain and much of Europe. It became a very big invention and part of society as it was very useful. More and more were built all across Europe as many people and industries used them. (5.4)

Early Feminist concepts

- Declaration of rights of Women's
- Maternal Feminism
- Women's suffrage(5.1)

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride/loyalty in and devotion to one's country. Were more pronounced after the Enlightenment (5.1)

How did the Enlightenment contribute to the view of people's rights?

The idea that people have certain right that cannot be taken away and the end of serfdom. (5.1)

What aspects of the industrial revolution facilitated the migration of Europeans to other parts of the world

-scattered Europeans around the world
-rapidly growing population, and the enormous demand for labor overseas.
-by 1930 11 percent of the world's population was Europeans.
-Europeans injected a sharp racial divide into colonized territories, such as South Africa, and Kenya. KC: (6.7)

How did Europeans expand into Africa?

They used diplomatic and warfare like methods and tactics. KC; 6.2

What technology enabled the Industrial Revolution?

Steam engine, smelt iron, antiseptics, telegraph, cotton gin (5.3)

How did European states expand their control using imperialized colonies?

Some states with existing colonies strengthened their control over those colonies and occasionally assumed direct control over colonies previously held by non-state entities. (6.2)

What were the positive and negative impacts the industrial revolution had?

Positive effects of the industrial revolution include an increase in production of goods, more stable economy, better standard of living, and more jobs. Negative effects of the industrial revolution include poor working conditions, lots of pollution, child labor, and low wages.

What caused the decline of China?

Opium Wars, Taiping Rebellion, Boxer Uprising, Military defeats to Britain, Russia, and Japan, unequal treaties, failed self-strengthening attempts, the Chinese revolution of 1911-1912 KC\#(6.8)

What was the effect of nationalism on state and empire development?

Nationalism opened up opportunities for historical development among the civilizations. (5.10)

Baron Montesquieu

This philosopher wrote "The Spirit of Laws," which praised the British government's check on government power. This influenced the American government.

The effects of the Meiji Restoration

The Meiji restoration restored power back to the emperor and caused a bureaucratic constitution. They also focused on having a strong military and state. Education, women's rights, and economic advantage came as well. As Japan's power grew so did their military and they started to become an imperialist power and kept equal relationships with European powers. KC\#(6.8)

What led to the rebellions against the imperial rule?

Many were unhappy with imperial rule and organized rebellions, which were sometimes influenced by religious ideas. K.C (6.3)

What were the effects of migration on new societies? (6.7)

- Men tend to leave their families and went to work in foreign industries which left women to take care of new roles in their household.
- Migrants created ethnic enclaves in different parts of the world. They influenced their traditions, religion(s) to various areas.
- Many were also discriminated against by their foreign societies. Not all were accepted equally which led some countries to regulate their increased flow of migrants across their borders (K.C 6.7)

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle. Technically it was based on the idea of natural selection, and the pseudoscience of scientific racism. (6.1)

Imperialism

A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically. (6.1)

Civilizing Mission

The feeling of religious/cultural superiority with a duty to civilize "heathens" to prepare for "progress." An implementation of Western-style education, healthcare, technology, government, language, etc. Heavy in Christian religions/ideals, both Roman Catholics and Protestants. Caused disruption to native and indigenous cultures (6.1)

What is scientific racism?

A new kind of racism in which Europeans used science to justify their racial prejudices against Asians and Africans. (6.5)

What is Social Darwinism?

The idea that other races were inferior to Europeans. This way of thinking stems from Darwin's natural selection theory, stating that organisms are more likely to survive when they are more suited to their environment. Social Darwinism was used to justify imperialism and racism. (6.5)

What was the Scramble for Africa?

The Scramble for Africa was when many European powers competed against each other to partition parts of Africa. Many peaceful negotiations were involved in these to discuss which countries got what. (6.5)

Global Economic Development from 1750 to 1900

Cash crop is an agricultural crop which is grown to sell for profit that was on the rise during these times. It is typically purchased by parties separate from a farm. The term is used to differentiate marketed crops from subsistence crops, which are those fed to the producer's own livestock or grown as food for the producer's family. (6.4)

Napoleon Bonaparte

French general who became emperor of the French (1769-1821) and advanced the revolution through military dictatorship and conquest. (5.2)

Karl Marx

German philosopher who believed that Britain's industrialization would result in its own social/political downfall. Advocated for socialist ideals in response to industrialist agendas. (5.9)

Simon Bolivar

-One of the most important leaders in the Latin American Revolutions
-Wrote the Letter to Jamaica and helped advocate for rights of lower class citizens in Latin America.
-Served as president of Gran Colombia and was a dictator of Peru. (5.2)

Haitian Revolution

-Based on the Enlightenment principle of natural human rights
-Led by slaves against the French who held them captive.
-Their purpose was to gain their freedom, and they started their own independent country after they burned down French plantations and executed many of the French people who oppressed them. (5.2)

Middle Class

-Benefited the most from the industrial revolution.
-Most were liberals and favored the constitutional government
-Composed of smaller businessmen, doctors, lawyers, engineers, teachers, journalists, scientists, and other professionals that are required in the industrial society. (5.9)

Laboring classes

Those who were of the overwhelming majority of Britain's nineteenth -century population who benefited least and suffered most from the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. (5.9)

ideology of domesticity

This attitude of the middle classes in industrial Britain defined the home and charity work as the proper activities for women, as opposed to encouraging them to work for a living; the attitude kept women from the middle class from working for themselves. (5.9)

Industrialization

The development of industries for the machine production of goods.

Capitalism

An economic system based on private property and free enterprise.

Marxism

Emerged as the most famous socialist belief system during the 19th century. Saw all of history as the story of class struggle between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie.

Liberalism

A political ideology that emphasizes rule of law, representative democracy, rights of citizens, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes.

Age of Revolutions

Period of political upheaval beginning roughly with the American Revolution in 1775 and continuing through the French Revolution of 1789 and other movements for change up to 1848

Resistance to Imperialism

Boxer Rebellion - China
Sepoy Mutiny - India
Get rid of foreigners
Get rid of European imperialism
Starts nationalist movements

Meiji Restoration

In 1868, a Japanese state-sposored industrialization and westernization effort that also involved the elimination of the Shogunate and power being handed over to the Japanese Emperor, who had previously existed as mere spiritual/symbolic figure.

19th Century Migrations

The Industrial Revolution included improvements in transportation that made ocean travel safer and cheaper. Pushed by revolutions and poor living conditions, and pulled by stories of opportunities, millions of people, especially to North and South America in the 19th century.

Indentured Servitude

A contractual system in which someone sells his or her body (services) for a specified period of time in an arrangement very close to slavery, except that it is voluntary entered into.

Opium Wars

Wars between Britain and the Qing Empire (mind 1800s), caused by the Qing government's refusal to let Britain import Opium. China lost and Britain and most other European powers were able to develop a strong trade presence throughout China against their wishes.

Tanzimat Reforms

Series of reforms in the Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876; established Western-style universities, state postal system, railways, extensive legal reforms; resulted in creation of new constitution in 1876

Second Industrial Revolution

Steel, chemicals, electricity. This is the name for the new wave of more heavy industrialization starting around the 1860s.

King Leopold II

the Belgian king who opened up the African interior to European trade along the Congo River and by 1884 controlled the area known as the Congo Free State

Young Turks

Movement of Turkish military and civilian elites that developed ca. 1900, eventually bringing down the Ottoman Empire.