anatomy exam 1 simple flashcards

Anatomical position

Standing upright; feet flat/slightly apart; eyes forward; palms forward; thumbs outward

Left/right in anatomy

Based on the person's body, NOT the viewer

Axial region

Head + neck + trunk/main body

Appendicular region

Appendages/limbs

Anterior (ventral)

Front

Posterior (dorsal)

Back

Superior

Toward head/up

Inferior

Away from head/down

Medial

Toward midline

Lateral

Away from midline

Proximal

Closer to attachment/body

Distal

Farther from attachment/body

Frontal/coronal plane

Anterior + posterior portions

Transverse plane

Superior + inferior portions

Sagittal plane

Right + left portions

Midsagittal

Equal right + left

Parasagittal

Unequal right + left

Oblique

Angled cut

Dorsal cavity

Cranial + vertebral cavities

Cranial cavity

Brain

Vertebral cavity

Spinal cord

Ventral cavity

Thoracic + abdominopelvic cavities

Thoracic cavity

Chest cavity

Pleural cavities

Lungs

Pericardial cavity

Heart

Mediastinum

Central thoracic region; contains pericardial cavity

Abdominopelvic cavity

Abdominal + pelvic cavities

Abdominal cavity

Stomach, intestines, spleen, liver

Pelvic cavity

Bladder, reproductive organs, rectum

Parietal serosa

Lines cavity WALL

Visceral serosa

Covers ORGAN

Pleura

Lungs

Visceral pleura

Covers outside of lung

Pericardium

Heart

Peritoneum

Abdominopelvic cavity

4 abdominal quadrants

RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ

9 regions — top row

Right hypochondriac → epigastric → left hypochondriac

9 regions — middle row

Right lumbar → umbilical → left lumbar

9 regions — bottom row

Right iliac → hypogastric → left iliac

Epigastric

Top middle region

Umbilical

Center region

Hypogastric

Bottom middle region

Hypochondriac regions

Top right + left

Lumbar regions

Middle right + left

Iliac regions

Bottom right + left

Most inferior middle region

Hypogastric

3 main parts of a cell

Plasma membrane + cytoplasm + nucleus

Plasma membrane

Outer barrier; controls what enters/leaves cell

Plasma membrane extensions

Cilia + flagellum + microvilli

Cytoplasm

Everything between membrane + nucleus

Cytosol

Fluid inside cell

Inclusions

Temporary stored materials; NOT organelles

Inclusion examples

Pigments + glycogen + triglycerides

Nucleus

Contains DNA/genetic information

Nucleoplasm

Fluid inside nucleus

Nucleolus

Makes ribosome subunits

Membrane-bound organelles

ER, Golgi, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria

Non-membrane-bound organelles

Ribosomes, cytoskeleton, centrosome, proteasomes

Mitochondria

ATP/energy; aerobic respiration

Mitochondria appearance

Cheeto-shaped; double membrane

Centrioles

Organize microtubules; cell division

Centrioles appearance

Licorice-like

Rough ER

Ribosomes attached → makes/transports PROTEINS

Smooth ER

No ribosomes → makes/transports/stores LIPIDS

Golgi apparatus

Modifies + sorts + packages proteins

Golgi cis face

Closest to ER

Golgi trans face

Farthest from ER

Cisternae

Flattened/sac-like structures of Golgi

Ribosomes

Make proteins; translation

Lysosomes

Digestive enzymes

Lysosomes + autolysis

Provide enzymes for autolysis

Peroxisomes

Enzymes involved in oxidation reactions

Cytoskeleton

Support + organization + movement + cell division

3 cytoskeleton components

Microfilaments + intermediate filaments + microtubules

Microvilli

Increase surface area for absorption/secretion

Cilia

Move material along cell surface

Flagellum

Moves cell

Plasma membrane functions

Barrier + transport + electrochemical gradient + communication

Membrane transport

Movement of substances across plasma membrane

2 types of membrane transport

Passive + active

Passive transport

NO energy; high → low concentration

Active transport

Requires energy; can move low → high concentration

2 main passive processes

Diffusion + osmosis

Diffusion

High → low concentration

Facilitated diffusion

High → low WITH membrane protein help

Facilitated diffusion types

Channel-mediated + carrier-mediated

Osmosis

Passive movement of WATER

Is osmosis active or passive?

Passive

Primary active transport

Uses ATP directly

Vesicular transport

Active transport using vesicles

Endocytosis

Into cell

Exocytosis

Out of cell

Phagocytosis

Cell takes in large particles

Pinocytosis

Cell takes in fluid

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Specific substances enter after binding receptors

Isotonic

Same concentration → no net water movement

Hypotonic

Water enters cell → cell swells

Hypertonic

Water leaves cell → cell shrinks

Lysis

Cell bursts

Crenation

Cell shrinks