[Anaphy Lec] LQ1

Introduction to human anatomy and physiology, cells, and tissues

Covering and lining, and glandular epithelium

Types of Epithelial tissue

Apical surface

Cells of the epithelial tissue that are exposed to the body cavity--lining of an internal organ or body's exterior

Lateral surface

Cells of the epithelial tissue that faces cells on either side

Basal surface

Cells of the epithelial tissue that are deep

Simple epithelium

Arrangement of epithelial tissue where it is a single layer of cells that function in diffusion, osmosis, filtration, secretion, and absorption

Pseudostratified epithelium

Arrangement of epithelial tissue where it appears to have multiple layers of cells as the cell nuclei lie at different levels and not all cells reach the apical surface

Stratified epithelium

Arrangement of epithelial tissue where it consists of two or more layers that protect the underlying tissues in locations considerable wear and tear

Squamous cells

Shape of an epithelial tissue that can be described as thin, which makes them permeable

Cuboidal cells

Shape of an epithelial tissue that can be described as appearing to be shaped like cubes or hexagons, that also contains microvilli on their apical surfaces that function in secretion or absorption

Columnar cells

Shape of an epithelial tissue that can be described as being taller than they are wide, giving a column image, which protectects underlying tissues. Their apical surfaces also present with either cilia or microvilli, and often specialize for secretion and absorption

Transitional cells

Shape of an epithelial tissue that can be described as changing; it can be from flat to cuboidal, then back to flat. Also termed as urothelium as it is present in the urinary bladder

Gland

May consist of one cell or group of highly specialized epithelial cells that secrete substances into ducts, onto the surface or into the blood.

Endocrine glands

A classification of glands responsible for secreting glands as they enter through the interstitial fluid and then diffuse into the bloodstream without flowing through a duct

Exocrine glands

A classification of glands responsible for secreting mucus, perspiration, oil, earwax, milk, saliva, and digestive enzymes as they secrete their products into ducts that empty at the surface of covering and lining epithelium such as the skin or the lumen of a hollow organ

Endothelium

On a cardiology rotation, you were asked to check the simple squamous epithelium that lines patient A's heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels. This is called?

Mesothelium

The simple squamous that forms the epithelial layer of serous membranes such as the peritoneum, pleura, or pericardium

Simple cuboidal epithelium

What epithelial tissue has a single layer of cube-shaped cells (round, centrally located nucleus) that is commonly found in the lining of kidney tubules and smaller ducts of many glands--for instance, making up the secreting portion of the thyroid gland and ovary. It also lines the anterior surface of capsule of the eye's lens and forms the pigmented epithelium at the posterior surface of the eye

Nonciliated simple columnar epithelium

These contains cells with microvili and goblet cells and lines most of the GI tract (from stomach to anus), ducts of many glands, and gallbladder

Goblet cells

Described as modified columnar cells that secrete mucus (a slightly sticky fluid) at their apicial surfaces

Nonciliated simple columnar epithelium

Their secreted mucus lubricates the linings of the digestive, respiratory, and reproductive tracts, and most of the urinary tract. Particularly, it helps trap dust from entering the respiratory tract and prevents the destructuon of stomach lining by the stomach acid.

Ciliated simple columnar epithelium

Contains goblet cells in some locations, lines the upper respiratory tract, uterine (fallopian) tubes, uterus, some paranasal sinuses, and the central canal of the spinal cord

Ciliated simple columnar epithelium

The presence of goblet cells enables it to secrete mucus that helps trap inhaled particles. Moreover, with it having cilia, it helps in the movement of mucus as well as the movement of oocytes being expelled by the ovaries through uterine tubes into the uterus.

Nonciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

This lines the epididymis, parotid glands, and parts of the male urethra; responsible for absorption and secretion. It contains cells without cilia and also lacks goblet cells

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

This contains cells that extend to the surface and either contain cilia or secrete mucus with the help of goblet cells. This mostly lines the upper respiratory tract.

Stratified squamous epithelium

This epithelium provides protection being the first line of defense against microbes. Can be keratinized or nonkeratinized.

Keratin

A tough protein that helps protect the skin and underlying tissues from microbes, heat, and chemicals.

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Develops a superficial layer of the skin

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

This lines wet surfaces such as the mouth, esophagus, part of the epiglottis, part of the pharynx, and vagina. It also covers the tongue

Stratified cubodial epithelium

This is found in the ducts of adult sweat glands, esophageal glands, and part of the male urethra and functions for protection as well as limited secretion and absorption.

Stratified columnar epithelium

This lines a part of the urethra, large excretory ducts of some glands (i.e. esophageal glands), small areas in anal mucous membrane, and part of conjuctiva of eye

Urothelium

When relaxed or unstretched, it looks like a stratified cuboidal epithelium, except that the cells in the apical layer tend to be large and rounded. As the tissue is stretched, the cells become flatter, giving the appearance of a stratified squamous epithelium. This is commonly found in the lining of the urinary bladder and portions of ureters and urethra.

Urothelium

Allows the urinary organs to stretch and hold a variable amount of fluid without rupturing, while serving as its protective lining as well

Endocrine glands

Secretory products (hormones) diffuse into the blood after passing through the interstitial fluid.

Endocrine glands

The pineal gland, thyroid and parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, testes, and thyms, are included in which classification of glands?

Exocrine glands

Their serectory products are released into ducts.

Exocrine glands

Sweat, oil, earwax, digestive glands (i.e. salivary glands, digestive enzymes) are included in which classification of glands?

Connective tissue

The most abundant and widely distributed tissues in the body

Connective tissue

Binds, supports, and strengthens other body tissues. It also protects and insulates internal organs. It is the major transport system within the body, and a major site as well of stored energy reserves, and lastly the main site of immune responses

Blood

Considered as a fluid connective tissue

Adipose

Energy reserves or also known as "fat tissue"

Extracellular matrix

Connective tissue consists of two basic elements: cells and _. The ____ is the material between its widely spaced cells and consists of protein fibers and ground substance

Fibroblasts

A type of connective tissue cell that is a large, flat cell with branching processes. They are present in several connective tissues and usually are the most numerous

Macrophages

A type of connective tissue cell that are also known as phagocytes that develop from monocytes (a type of WBC)

Plasma cells

A type of connective tissue cell that are important in the body's immune responses as well the body's circulatory system

Mast cells

A type of connective tissue cell that are involved in the inflammatory response and also kills bacteria

Adipocytes

Fat cells

Ground substance

A component of connective tissue that connects cells and fibers (extracellular matrix fibers). It supports cells, binds them together, and provides a medium, through which substances are exchanged between the blood and cells

Fibers

In the extracellular matrix, it strengthens and supports connective tissues

Collagen fibers

A type of fiber that is strong enough to resist pulling forces, but is not stiff; hence, promoting tissue flexibility. Usually these occur in bundles lying parallel to one another

Elastic fibers

A type of fiber that branches and joins together to form a network of tissue. These fibers can be stretched up to 1 and a half times their relaxed length without breaking.

Elastin

Elastic fibers consist of molecules of a protein called ___

Fibrillin

A glycoprotein that surrounds elastin

Reticular fibers

A type of fiber that consists of collagen and a coating of glycoprotein; hence, it provides support in the walls of blood vessels and forms branching networks around fat cells, nerve fibers, skeletal and smooth muscles.

Stroma

The supporting framework or matrix that surrounds and supports the functional (parenchymal) cells or tissues

Loose connective tissue

A classification of connective tissue that is loosely arranged among many cells. Types of this connective tissue are: areolar, adipose, and reticular connective tissues

Dense connective tissue

A classification of connective tissue that contains more numerous, thicker, and denser fibers (more closely packed), but contains fewer cells than its counterpart (loose).

Cartilage

This consists a dense network of collagen fibers or elastic fibers firmly embedded in chondroitin sulfate

Chondroitin sulfate

A rubbery component of the ground substance

Chondrocytes

Cells of a mature cartilage are called ___ and occur singly

Lacunae

Spaces of a chondrocyte

TRUE

Cartilages has no blood supply

Poorly

Since cartilages have no blood supply, this means that once it its damaged or injured, it heals ___ following the injury.

Hyaline cartilage

Cartilage found in the hyoid bone and protects the larynx; Provides smooth surfaces for movement at joints, but is the weakest type of cartilage as it can be fractured

Fibrocartilage

Consists of chondrocytes scattered among clearly visible thick bundles of collagen fibers within extracellular matrix; lacks perichondrium; can be found in the pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, menisci (cartilage pads of the knee); the strongest type of cartilage

Elastic cartilage

Consists of chondrocytes located in a threadlike network of elastic fibers within the extracellular matrix; perichondrium is present; can be found in the auricle, epiglottis, and eustachian tubes; it can maintain the shape of certain structures

Liquid connective tissue

Blood tissue and lymph are examples of ____ that has a liquid extracellular matrix

Perichondrium

A membrane of dense irregular connective tissues that creates the surface of the cartilage

Areolar connective tissue

A widely distributed connective tissue that consists of fibers arranged randomly and several kinds of cells embedded in a semifluid ground substance.

Subcutaneous layer

The combination of adipose tissue and areloar connective tissue forms a layer of tissue that attaches the skin to underlying tissues and organs

Areolar connective tissue

A loose connective tissue that functions are strength, elasticity, and support

Adipose tissue

A connective tissue that has adipocytes and helps in reducing heat loss through skin, also serves as an energy reserve, and supports and protects organs

Adipocytes

Specialized storage of triglycerides

Reticular connective tissue

A fine interlacing network of thin forms of collagen fibers (reticular fibers) and reticular cells and is often seen in the stroma of the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes

Reticular connective tissue

This forms the stroma or organs, binds together smooth muscle tissue cells; filters and removes worn-out blood cells in spleen and mircobes in lymph nodes.

Dense connective tissue

This forms tendons (muscle to bone), most ligaments (bone to bone), and aponeuroses, and provides a strong attachment between various structures. This tissue also resists the pulling (tension) along long axis of fibers

Aponeuroses

A sheetlike tendon that attaches muscles to muscle or muscle to bone

Dense irregular connective tissue

This consists predominantly of collagen fibers that are randomly arranged and a few fibroblasts. This also occurs in sheets, such as fasciae, and can also be found in the pericardium of the heart.

Dense irregular connective tissue

This connective tissue provides tensile (pulling) strength in many directions

Elastic connective tissue

Consists predominantly of elastic fibers; fibroblasts are present in spaces between fibers. This can be found in the lung tissue, walls of elastic arteries, trachea, bronchial tubes, suspensory ligaments of penis, and some ligaments between vertebrae

Elastic connective tissue

A dense connective tissue that is important in the normal functioning of lung tissue (that recoils as you exhale) so elasticity is important and this connective tissue allows the stretching of various organs that is strong and can recoil back to its original shape after being stretched

Membrane

Flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover or line a part of the body.

Mucous membrane

A type of membrane that lines a body cavity that directly opens to the exterior. This lines the entire digestive, respiratory, and reproductive systems

Serous membrane

A type of body cavity that does not directly open to the exterior, and it covers the organs that lie within the cavity.

Synovial membrane

Lines the cavities of some joints--composed of areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue with collagen fibers and they do not have an epithelial layer.

Synovial fluid

This fluid lubricates the ends of bones as they move at joints, nourishes the cartilage covering the bones, and removes microbes and debris from the joint cavity

Muscular tissue

Elongated cells that are highly specialized to generate force; hence, can produce motion, mainatin posture, and generate heat

Skeletal muscle

Muscular tissue that is attached to the bones of the skeleton and is responsible for voluntary movements

Cardiac muscle

Tissue that forms the bulk of the wall of the heart

Smooth muscle

Muscular tissue that is located in the walls of hollow internal structures (i.e. blood vessels, stomach, lung airways) and helps in involuntary movements

Neurons

Converts stimuli into nerve impluses (action potential) and conduct these impulses to other neurons, to muscle fibers, or to glands

Neuroglia

Does not generate nor conduct nerve impulses rather they have protective and supportive functions

Tissue repair

The process that replaces a worn-out, damaged, or dead cells

Stroma, supporting connective tissue, parenchyma

New cells originate bby cell division from the ___, ____, or ____

Parenchymal cells

Responsible for the repair if there is damage--tissue regenaration is possible

Fibroblasts

Responsible for fibrosis, or when they synthesize materials that aggregate to form scar tissue

FALSE

Tissues heal faster with age

TRUE

The extracellular components of tissue, such as collagen and elastic fibers, also change with age

Anatomy

Science of structure and the relationships among structures

Phisiology

Science of body functions

Chemical Level

This organizational level includes the vital atoms such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as molecules