A&P; Cell Cycle and Protein Synthesis

what are reproductive cells and how do they divide?

gametes, meiosis

what are somatic cells and how do they divide?

tissue, mitosis

what is mitosis?

cell division by separating into two roughly equal parts

what is created from mitosis?

two daughter cells

what are the two major phases of the cell cycle?

interphase and mitotic phase

what is interphase?

period between cell division and more cells spend time here

what are the three sub-phases

growth-1 (G1), Synthetic (S), and growth-2 (G2)

what happens in growth 1- G1?

centrioles replicate, chromosomes unwind (resting state), intense metabolic action, organelles double

what happens in G1 intense metabolic action?

cell doubles in size, timeline is variable depending on the cell

what happens in the synthetic phase?

genetic code is copied (DNA replication)

what happens in Growth 2 - G2

brief, enzymes and other proteins necessary for cell division are synthesized

what happens in prophase?

breakdown of the nuclear envelope

nucleolus disappears - spindle apparatus appears

what happens in metaphase?

chromosomes line up in the middle of spindle

checkpoint to make sure spindle is properly assembled prior to moving forward

what happens in anaphase?

centromere splits in half and each single strand become complete chromosomes

chromosomes are pulled in opposite directions towards the centrioles

cytoplasm forms a “waist” along the metaphase plate

shortest phase

what happens in telophase?

beings when chromosomes make it to poles (opposite ends)

new nuclear envelope forms

spindle dissembles

microfilaments work to squeeze the cell into two parts

what happens in cytokinesis?

separation of cytoplasm into two separate daughter cells during miotic phase of cell division (telophase)

after cell divides - enters interphase and cycle repeats

what happens for cellular division to stop?

come into contact with other cells (contact inhibition), cell numbers reach a certain point, checkpoints during cell division, cells need frequent replacement - others do not

what are the two substances that allow a cell to enter mitosis?

cyclins, cyclin dependent kinases

what makes cell divisions and many other metabolic activities happen?

proteins

what are enzymes?

specialized proteins (functional proteins) drive the metabolic and biochemical interactions responsible for life

why do we need protein synthesis?

all specialized cell functions would cases without continuous protein synthesis

where does protein synthesis begins in and ends in?

nucleus and cytoplasm

where the DNA NOT leave?

nucleus

what is transctiption?

process genetic code is copied onto a strand of mRNA

what is translation?

creation of a protein from an mRNA template

what happens in protein synthesis?

mRNA leaves the nucleus and meets up with a ribosome and a strand of tRNA (carrying amino acids) in the cytoplasm