Public Health 101 Exam 2

Mechanical Vector

Living Organism is passively colonized a vehicle

Biological Vector

Agent Multiplies in living org. B4 being transmitted into a susceptible host

Zoonotic Vector borne disease

Animal Reservoir

Ex; Lyme Disease (Ticks) Hantavirus

Anthropological VBD

Animal reservoir, but doesn’t sustain transmission, From person to person

Ex; Malaria, Yellow fever, Dengue

Intrinsic incubation Period is? (Think of this happening inside the body)

Time from when a vector gets the virus (biting infected host) until vector is infective to how long it replicates within the vector

Extrinsic Incubation (Inside the body, but think visual)

Time from host exposure to showing visible symptoms

Vector Control for Mosquitoes

PPE: Long-sleeves when hiking, DEET bug sprat, Treated bug repellant clothing

Structural Barriers: Netting, Screens, Closed windows/doors

Larval Control: Growth Regulators, Larvacidals, Microbial insecticides,

Adult control: Traps, Bait Stations w/ Poison, ULV Fogging (adulticides)

Source Reduction for Mosquitoes

— Reduce standing water in flowerpot basins, Trapped water in Tree holes (fill the holes)

Pool water. — Gutters — Trashcans. —Toys.

If able, put adulticides / Bait insecticides in places where standing water is common)

Dengue and Zika similarities

High fever, joint pain, rashes, bloodshot eyes, feels like “bones are breaking”

Differences in Dengue

No infection may be present, minor inf, Serious inf, Hemmoragic inf.

If exposed more than once they’re at greater risk for hemmoragic fever

Differences in Zika Virus

Population @ high risk is fetuses in Útero, for adults it varies as its self limiting and they will recover.

For Babies it can cause; Microchiphilie (Fatal Brain Mutation)

Exposure pathway, what is it? (The How, where, why, how to prevent)

How did the chemicals get in the env.?

Sources?

How can we prevent this?

Sources of Chem release

Vapors , fires (wildfires) Consumer cleaning supplies / personal care, Car Emissions

Release mechanism: How a source gets into the Environment.

Spill, Leak, Emissions, Volatilization

Impacted media (What has been impacted in the environment?)

Biota (maybe all living things) Soil, air, water

Geographic

Dispersal, maybe an agent in the rain is brought to ground soil, leeching

Transport (How did it get into the environment?)

Rain, Spill, leak, Emissions, Defferal

Exposure Media (how is the population exposed to this toxin / chem?)

Soil, water, air, Biota

Ex: Flint Michigan , the Exp. Media was water due to the pipes being made of lead,

And the impacted media was also the water, since it was what was toxic.

Receptor Population (who does this affect?)

Animals, People, Plants, etc.

Dose Response

How much harm would it cause if exposed?

Linear Dose Response

Any amount of this is dangerous

Saturation Curve

Low amounts of exposure can cause a lot of damage. But it Levels off.

Threshold Curve

Amount of no exposure to rising exposure in dose response, to leveling off high dosage.

Duration of exposure: Acute, Intermediate, Chronic

Acute: short term exposure

Intermediate: Longer Case Exposure

Chronic: Over a long period of time exposure

Half life

The lifespan / how long a drug stays in the body / how long a chemical stays in the body

Bioaccumulation

The level of accumulation of a contaminant in a living organism over time

Biomagnification

The level of accumulation of a contaminant That accumulated over time in a chain

Clean Air Act

Monitors and Reports on 6 or more pollutants

Inversion

Hot air traps cold mountain air into the valley

AQI (Air Quality Index)

It is an air quality measurement which helps determine if the air quality in a given area is safe for usually daily occurrences. Determines if it is safe to continue with daily occurrences as normal, eg: Going outside, walking, running, playing (for kids, as AQI affects children and older adults the most)

ex: Normal, medium, high, dangerous

Particulate Matter

Physical hazards such as smoke and dust, the smaller the number is, the worse the particulate matter is on a scale.

Particulate Matter Prevention Strategies?

Burn code (Levels for how safe it is to burn vs. A No burn day)

Woodstove trade programs / incentives for trading them.

Prescribed Burns (To prevent natural forest fires)

Dust control: Spraying water over dirt fields

Street salting (brining) and sweeping: Saltwater to prevent icy roads

Sweeping up sand to not cause extra pollution.

Ozone

Formed in the environment / atmosphere, the primary pollutants are NOx and VOcS

Ozone Prevention?

Idling car reduction

Industry regulations on smoke (more scrubbers)

Smog checks

Alt. Transportation )public, carpooling, limiting Ozone emissions)

Occupational Safety

Injuries at the workplace

Occupational Health

Sickness and disease caused by working at a certain place

Control Strategies for Occupational Injuries?

AERC,

Anticipation: How many illnesses predicted w/ this work?

Evaluation: Why did this happen?

Recognition: Knowing that it will happen, informing employees of that workplace danger

Control: How can we manage this?

Healthy Worker Effect

People who are employed are “Healthier” than the general population

Occupational Disease

Disease that happens due to holding an occupation over time, or an expected disease of that occupation

Ex: Miners —> Black Lung

Appalachia CWP (Black Lung) Disease overview

Retired Miners of the Appalachia mines had varying levels of CWP (Black Lung DIsease) Due to working long hours in the mines with little to no PPE

Employers and Employees knew the risks, and NIOSH (The Nat. Institute of Occupational Safety and Health) Offered screening for this, yet screening = having the disease = employers not hiring you

Which meant many went undiagnosed til maybe their 30s - early 40s - 50s, 60s, etc.

What made the Applachia Black Lung Disease happen?

Lack of safety culture at work: PPE may have meant slower work, so many brushed it off as unimportant (normal behavior as even the employers did not mind this) No workplace safety culture, Avoiding Black Lung Screening,

NO UNIONIZATION OF THE WORKPLACE = NO SAFETY REGULATIONS = BAD!!!

Bodily Harm

Resulting from external force/ energy/ substance or submersion

Unintentional Injury

Harm wasn’t intended

Intentional Injury

Violence / other self inflicted injury

Decline in Car accidents due to rise in ________

Suicides

Decline in deaths to cars due to overall highest deaths due to __________ deaths

Unintentional

2nd highest leading death count: Death by ________

Firearm / gun

Uptick in car accidents during 2020 due to

Clear roadways

Unintentional injury caused years of ______ _____ lost

Potential life

Leading cause of Non-Fatal ER visits

Falls

Injury prevention

How can we identify risk factors and prevent injury?

What is the Haddon Matrix? (PE, Ev, Post E)

Pre-event (before the event has happened, what can prevent it, what can’t prevent it but helps w/ harm reduction, environmental factors)

Event: During

Post Event: What can help after the fact?

Haddon Matrix for a car crash

Pre event: (Human)Seat belt, Graduated drivers license

(Agent / Energy, Think that it doesn’t prevent harm, or stop the crash, but it may reduce harm) 3rd Break Light, Ignition Interlock to prevent drunk driving

Environment: Rumble strip

Event: (Agent/Energy) Airbag (Environment) Roundabouts (in between env for pre event and event.

Post Event: (Human) Escape tools (Agent/Energy) On Star Crash reporting, Fire resistant fuel tank

Safekids

Injury and death prevention for children ages 1–14

Opioids

They are the kind of drug most can abuse and get hooked on easily

Opiates

Naturally derived from the poppy plant

Synthetic & Semisynthetic drugs

Synthetic: Fentanyl / Meth

Semisynthetic : Morphine, Codone

Wave one of the Three Opioid Overdose Data Trends

Prescribed Opioids in the 1990s

Wave Two of the Three Opioid Overdose Data Trends

In 2010 there was a rise due to Heroin deaths

Wave Three of the Three Opioid Overdose Data Trends

In 2013 we had another due to rise of Synthetic Opioid usage resulting in a spike of ODs.

The steady rise rate from 2015 to 2024 was due to? (Was it Perscribed, Synthetic, or Semisyntheic)

The rise from 2015 to 2024 was caused by Synthetic Drug usage, BUT in 2024 it showed a steady drop off and we predict it may be a little lower hopefully.

Host for ODs (In this case, what are the reasons maybe for their drug usage?)

- Mental Health Issues - Family History

- Injury - Tolerance and Period of Abstinence (Highest risk of OD due to that period.)

- Chronic Pain (its so not good for chronic pain btw)

Agent for ODs

Some cause Euphoria, some just cause side effects (nausea, cramping, vomiting, less likely to become hooked)

-Lethal ( even smaller doses of this drug = higher OD percentage )

- Combo (Stimulants / downers, one that speeds you up and one that slows you down could be very bad to take at same time!)

- Laced (even deadlier chance of OD)

Environment for ODs

• Access

• Peer influence / usage

Prevention strategies for overdoses or misuse

Prescribing Guidelines (Limited amt, think 2-3 servings over the course of 2-3 days, very limited unless more is needed)

Alternative Therapies: Dry Needling all the way into the muscle to aid tension and pain

Perscription Drug Monitoring

Safe Injection sites / Clean needles

Naloxone / Narcan easily accessible w/o a perscription

Never Use Alone (Harm Reduction Program)

Physical places where people can safely use their drugs where others can intervene if the person ODs

Or Over the phone.

Good Samaritan Law

This protects people from getting arrested with illegal substances or alcohol use if underage IF someone is ODing or someone has alc poisoning. Cannot be arrested / cited due to the 911 call for help BUT can be on other things .

The leading cause of death in ages 1–44

Suicide

The Public health explanation for the highest causes of suicide stats

By Firearms

The most effective suicide prevention is not on the ___ but the ___ .

Not on the why but the how, how are these people dying by suicide?

Many people that __________________________have ___ tried again

Many people that attempt suicide and been revived, resuscitated, stopped, have not tried again

Many believe that suicidal people will substitute their method if stopped, but this is?

Untrue for some, many have an ideal way to go, and if prevented or stopped, they won’t try again

Extreme Risk Protection Order (ERPO) or the “Red Flag Law:”

Temporary order to take away someone’s right to gaining a gun, doesn’t allow them to purchase or own one in this time.

5150 completely takes this away

The Right to own a gun

Suicide Magnet is a ________ with a high rate of suicides happening

A place with high rates of suicide

Ex: The Golden Gate Bridge