Plant science exam 4

ideal soil

mineral (45%)

organic (5%)

air (20-30%)

water (20-30%)

igneous

molten rock

sedimentary

transported and deposited by wind, water, or glaciers

metamorphic

igneous and sedimentary rock that has changed by high temperatures and pressure

soil forming factors

parent material

climate

organisms

topography

time

o horizon

loose and partly decayed organic matter

a horizon

mineral matter mixed with humus

e horizon

zone of eluviation and leaching

b horizion

accumulation of clay, iron, and aluminum from above

c horizon

partly alter plant material

r horizon

unweathered parent material

weathering

changes caused by exposure to climatic elements

decomposition

breakdown of minerals and organic materials

humification

organic material converted to humus

mineralization

minerals released from organic materials

synthesis

formation of new mineral or organic compound

texture

sand, silt, clay

ectomycorrhiza

infects outside of root

endomycorrhiza

infects cortical cells

microbes need

24 g of C per 1 g of N

soil degradation

overgrazing

deforestation

ag activities

macronutrients

Carbon

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Phosphorus

Potassium

Nitrogen

Sulfur

Calcium

Magnesium

micronutrients

Iron

Boron

Manganese

Copper

Zinc

Molybdenum

Chlorine

Nickel

Sodium

two forms of N that plants can absorb and utilize

ammonium and nitrate

P deficiencies show up as

purple

potassium

immune system of plant

sulfur

relatively immobile

deficiency causes interveinal chlorosis

gravity

causes water to move downward and is the principal force when a soil is saturated

adhesion

the force of attraction between unlike molecule soil particles and water

cohesion

the force of attraction between like molecules water and water

water potential

energy levels in water created by forces that act on soil water.

Determines the direction water flows from high to low water potential

field capacity

When negative potential exceeds gravitational pull, water no longer drains.

permanent wilting point (PWP)

Soil moisture content at which a plant wilts and cannot recover, in an environment of 100% relative humidity.

apoplastic pathway

intercellular spaces of the epidermal and cortical cells

transports water and ions that do not require transport across impermeable membranes

occurs through capillary action and osmosis

symplastic pathway

intracellular pathway through cells

osmosis

the flow or diffusion that takes place through a semipermeable membrane

variety

naturally occurring

cultivar

created through selective breeding

line

a cultivar reproduced "true" by seed

clone

cultivars maintained by asexual propagation

breeder

white

fondation

white

registered

purple

certified

blue

clones

cultivars maintained by asexual propagation genetically identical

clones maintan the genetics of the

stock "mother" plant

cutting

a piece of vegetative tissue that regenerates the missing parts

stem cuttings

have terminal or axillary buds (new roots must develop)

leaf cuttings

have no buds or roots so both must form

leaf bud cuttings

have a bud at the base of the petiole, for the new shoot system so only new roots must form

root cuttings

must produce adventitious shoot continue root growth of the existing root piece or from the new shoot

grafting

joining parts of plants together so that they will unite and continue their growth as one plant

scion

upper or top portion of the grafted plant

rootstock

lower part of the graft to become the root system

layering

the part of the plant to be rooted is left attached

4 types of layering

simple

air

tip

mound

cytosine binds with

guanine

adenine binds with

thymine

gene

sequence of triplet nucleotides on the DNA that encodes a protein

vegetative cells of plant usually

2n (diploid)

sex cells usually

1 n (haploid)

homologous chromosomes

pairs of each individual chromosome

genes are termed

alleles

phenotype expressed is the result of a gene activity and interaction with the environment

phenotype-genotype X environment

resistance

Disease/insects/herbicide

Drought, cold, heat,

Soil alkalinity/salinity

adaptation

Variable photoperiods

Shorter or longer seasons

Heavy grazing

Frequent cutting

Feeding quality

Palatability

Leafiness

Nutritive value

Texture

Market quality

Fiber, protein, sugar, starch, or other extractives

Better processing quality

Textiles, foods, beverages, and drugs;

Better color

Seed quality

Higher or lower seed-setting tendency

Greater longevity, viability

Larger size

Dormancy/Germination

Growth habit

more erect or prostate stems

more or less tillering or branching

more uniform flowering and maturity

more uniform height

lodging

better shoot: root ratio

Harvesting quality

Stronger, shorter, or taller stalks

Erect stalks and heads

Non-shattering qualities

Easier processing

Reduce awns and fuzz

Productive capacity

Higher fertility

Faster recovery after cutting

Greater vigor

mass selection

screen large seed bank for resistance to X factor

bulk the progeny

hybridization

Only effective method of combining the desirable traits of two or more crop varieties

Choose pairs that can supply the important trait or traits that a good standard variety lacks

transgenic

contain DNA from another species

cisgenic

contain DNA from same species

Bt insect resistance

insect eats Bt crystals and spores; toxin binds th specific receptors in the gut; insect stops eating, gut wall breaks down; spores and gut bacteria proliferate