Chemistry - Matter, sig figs, inorganic nomenclature

Matter

• Anything that has mass and occupies space

Pure substance

• Contains only one type of particle

• Element/compound

• Fixed set of properties

Ex. Fe, H20, CO2

Homogeneous mixtures

• Also called a solution (completely dissolved)

• Combination of two+ substances

• Behave as a single substance

Ex. Bronze, brass, steel, saltwater

Heterogenous mixtures

• Is a mixture that is not uniform

• Each component has different physical properties

Ex. Chocolate chip cookie, salad dressing, milk

Physical properties

• State

• Color

• Volume

• Mass

• Temperature

• Viscosity

Chemical properties

• Electronegativity

• pH

• Volatility

• Flammability

• Toxicity

Qualities depend on the amount of material

• Extensive physical properties

→ Volume, mass, size, weight

Qualities that do not depend on the amount of material

• Intensive physical properties

→ Color, melting point, boiling point, temperature

KMT

Kinetic Molecular Theory

• All matter is made up of particles

• There is space between particles

• Particles are always moving

Kinetic - movement

To go from a solid to a gas

• You must add energy or decrease pressure

Heating a pure substance

• More energy added

• Phase change → energy does not increase nor decrease

• Measured in joules

When taking measurements

• There is always uncertainty → sig figs

All non-zero numbers (1-9)

• ARE significant

Ex. 321 = 3 sig figs, 4809 = 4 sig figs

Zeros in the middle of a number

• ARE significant

Ex. 1001 = 4 sig figs

In a non-decimal number, zeros at the end…

• ARE NOT significant (trailing zeros)

Ex. 5200 = 2 sig figs → scientific notation

In a decimal number, zeros to the left…

• ARE NOT significant (leading zeros)

Ex. 0.0085 = 2 sig figs

In a decimal number, zeros to the right of non-zero…

• ARE significant

Ex. 0.2500 = 4 sig figs

When multiplying/dividing numbers, our final answer is always rounded to…

• The lowest number of sig figs

Do example: 0.002695 × 100

• 0.2695 > 0.3 (1 SF)

When adding/subtracting numbers, our final answer is always rounded to…

• The least amount of decimal places

Do example: 0.6851 - 0.337

• 0.3481 > 0.348

A group of measurements that tend to consistently show error in the same direction is called…

What is it usually caused by?

• A systematic error

• Faulty equipment/error in experiment set-up

Precision equates to

Consistency/accuracy

Accuracy equates to

How close the answer is to the accepted value

When a group of errors occurs equally in all directions it is called…

• Random error

Columns of the periodic table are called:

Groups/families

Rows on the periodic table are called:

Periods

Metals form…

• Cations that are positive

• Lose electrons

Non-metals form…

• Anions that are negative

• Gain electrons

Some metals are __________ which means they can form ions _________

• Polyvalent/multivalent

• More than one way

Ex. Fe2, Fe3

Anions end with the suffix…

-ide

Covalent bonds

• Sharing electrons between 2 nonmetals

1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10

mono, di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa, hepta, octa, nona, deca

Hydrates are…

• Crystallized salts that incorporate water molecules in a fixed rate

• Add prefix + H20/hydrate when naming

The rule for naming acids depend on whether the anion contains ____

• Oxygen

If the anion doesn’t contain oxygen…

• Hydro-

• -ic

Ex. Hydrogen chloride = hydrochloric acid

In Chem 11, an acid can be thought of as…

• One or more H ion bonded to an anion

If the anion contains oxygen…

• Suffix -ic replaces -ate

• Suffix -ous replaces -ite

+ ACID

Ex. Hydrogen sulphate = sulphuric acid

Sentence to remember for acids

• I ate acid and it was icky

• They fite ous