Acid and Bases

Acids Characteristics

Turns litmus paper red, ph < 7, taste sour

Acids will react with metals in a…

single replacement reaction called corrosion. Results in the formation of metal salts and hydrogen gas

Hydronium Ion Function

Produces H⁺ (H₃O⁺) as ions in water (Hydrogen ion attached to water molecule)

Hydrogen ion Characteristics

H⁺ ion attracts other molecules or ions so strongly that it normally does not exist alone and is highly exothermic

Bases Functions

Produces OH^- ions in water, will react with acids (neutralization)

Bases Characteristics

Bases change litmus paper blue, ph > 7, feel soapy and slippery, and taste bitter

Indicators

Are substances that change color based on pH

Arrhenius Theory: Acids

Acids start with H, give off H⁺ ions in aqueous solutions (produce)

Arrhenius Theory: Bases

Bases end with OH, give off OH^- ions in aqueous solutions (produce)

Brønsted-Lowry Theory: Acid

any species (molecule/ion) that is capable of donating a proton (H⁺)

Brønsted-Lowry Theory: Base

any species that is capable of accepting a proton

Brønsted-Lowry Theory: Water

It is amphoteric, means it can act as both a Brønsted-Lowry acid/base

Brønsted-Lowry Theory: Conjugate Acid

species formed after a base accepts a proton

Brønsted-Lowry Theory: Conjugate Base

species formed after an acid donates a proton

Naming and Formula Writing For Bases:

typical rules for naming ionic compounds

Naming and Formula Writing for Acids: If the anion ends in -ide

then, hydro______ic acid

Naming and Formula Writing for Acids: If the anion ends in -ate

then, _____ic acid

Naming and Formula Writing for Acids: If the anion ends in -ite

then, _____ous acid

Acid-Base Reactions

a double replacement reaction between an acid and a base to produce water and a salt (ionic compound)

Strong Acids: So I Never Bring Clean Clothes

Sulfuric acid, Hydroiodic, Nitric acid, Hydrobromic, Hydrochloric, and Perchloric acid.

Example of Dissociation in Water: H₂SO₄

H⁺, HSO₄^2-

Strong Bases: Group 1 and 2 Metals (common 3)

Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), Potassium hydroxide (KOH), and Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂).

Acids and Bases Characteristics:

Electrolytes, meaning they conduct electricity when dissolved in water and react with indicators

Strong Acids and Bases Characteristics:

Strong acids & bases completely (100%) ionize in water. (dissolution)

Weak Acids and Bases Characteristics:

Weak acids & bases only partially ionize.

Relationship between pH and pOH:

pH + pOH = 14

pH to [H₃O⁺]

= 10^-pH

pOH to [OH^-]

= 10^-pOH

[H₃O⁺] to pH

= -log(H₃O⁺)

[OH^-] to pOH

= -log(OH^-)

Each step on the pH scale represents a

10-fold change in pH (x10)

Describe acidity

The property of a substance to increase concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution, typically when dissolved in water

How to determine a Strong Acid?

Its ability to completely dissociate into ions in water. (Fully break into hydrogen ions and its conjugate base)

Describe the concentration of hydrogen ions compared to hydroxide ions in acidic solutions

The concentration of H+ is higher than the concentration of OH-

Conversion: (OH-) to (H+)

[H+] = (Kw)/([OH-])

What is Kw? Neutral pH point of pure water is 7 at?

Water equilibrium, 1.0×10^-14. 25 degrees Celsius