Child and Adolescent Development Lecture Notes

Flashcards on Child and Adolescent Learners and Learning Principles

What refers to quantitative changes in an individual as he progresses in chronological age, such as increases in size, height, or weight?

Growth

What is defined as a progressive series of changes leading to an individual's maturation?

Development

What consists of changes that occur relatively independently of the environment and are due to aging?

Maturation

What term refers to the close emotional bond children normally form with those who care for them?

Attachment

What is the transmission of traits from parents to offspring through genes, bringing about development through maturation?

Heredity (Nature)

What includes all forces that affect or influence man?

Environment (Nurture)

Name 4 individuals associated with Behaviorism

B.F. Skinner, Pavlov, Watson, Thorndike

What are the basic principles of growth and development?

Development follows an orderly sequence, the rate of development is unique, development involves changes, early development is more critical, development is the product of maturation and learning, there are individual differences, and there are social expectations for every developmental period.

Explain the traditional approach to human development

Extensive change from birth to childhood, little to no change in adulthood, and decline in late old age.

How does the life span approach view human development?

Adulthood development changes take place as it does during childhood.

What area of development involves changes in size, shape, and physical maturity of the body, including physical abilities and coordination?

Physical Development

What area of development encompasses changes and progression in thought processes, including learning, attention, memory, language, and problem-solving?

Cognitive Development

What developmental area focuses on gaining knowledge and skills needed to interact successfully with others?

Social Development

Which developmental area concerns feelings and emotional responses to events, as well as changes in expressing them?

Emotional Development

What developmental area involves understanding right and wrong and changes in behavior caused by that understanding?

Moral Development

What are the stages of Prenatal Development?

Germinal, Embryonic and Fetal period

During what stage of prenatal development is there creation of the zygote and attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall?

Germinal Period

During what prenatal stage do cells differentiate and life-support systems and organs appear?

Embryonic Period

What is the process of organ formation during the first two months of prenatal development called?

Organogenesis

What period occurs from 9 weeks to birth?

Fetal period

What is the term for a newborn?

Neonate

What is the term for a premature newborn?

Preemie or Pre-mature

What is the period from birth to 18-24 months, characterized by extreme dependence on adults and the beginning of psychological activities?

Infancy

Approximately what percentage of its adult weight is a newborn's brain?

25%

By what age is the brain about 75% of its adult weight?

Second birthday

What are one-word utterances used to describe familiar objects called?

Holophrases

What type of speech develops around 1.5-2.5 years, using short phrases like 'Drink water'?

Telegraphic Speech

What is the error of calling every four-legged animal 'doggy' known as?

Overextension Error

What stage occurs from the end of infancy to 5-6 years, during which children start to care for themselves and develop school readiness?

Early Childhood

What stage occurs from 6-11 years of age, during which children master fundamental skills?

Middle and Late Childhood

What stage begins with rapid changes in height and weight and the development of sexual characteristics?

Adolescence

What is the term for physical signs of sexual maturation that do not directly involve sex organs?

Secondary Sexual Characteristics

What are the organs specifically needed for reproduction called?

Primary Sexual Characteristics

What stage involves establishing personal and economic independence, selecting a mate, and starting a family?

Early Adulthood

What stage involves expanding personal and social involvement and assisting the next generation?

Middle Adulthood

What stage involves adjusting to decreasing strength and health, retirement, and new social roles?

Late Adulthood

What is a visual iconic learner?

Image

What is a visual symbolic learner?

Words

What is an analytic learner?

step by step

What is a global learner?

See the whole picture

Who created the theory of Multiple Intelligences?

Howard Gardner

What intelligence involves well-developed verbal skills and sensitivity to the sounds, meanings, and rhythms of words?

Verbal-Linguistics

What intelligence involves the ability to think conceptually and abstractly and to discern logical or numerical patterns?

Mathematical-Logical

What intelligence encompasses the capacity to think in images and pictures and to visualize accurately and abstractly?

Visual-Spatial

What intelligence involves self-awareness and being in tune with inner feelings, values, beliefs, and thinking processes?

Intrapersonal Intelligence

What intelligence includes the capacity to tackle deep questions about human existence?

Existential Intelligence

Who created Ecological Systems Theory?

Urie Bronfenbrenner

What system involves basic relationships and interactions the child has in their immediate environment?

Microsystem

What system represents the interconnections between the elements that surround the child, for example, relationships of the microsystem?

Mesosystem

What system includes things that a child does not function in directly?

Exosystem

What is it called when growth starts at the center of the body and moves towards the extremities?

Proximodistal

What are movements related to large muscles called?

Gross Motor

What are movements involving smaller muscle groups called?

Fine Motor

What is a child's ability to do age-appropriate life skills?

Adaptive Development

The brain's ability to change from experience is known as what?

Plasticity

What component of Piaget's cognitive theory is known as blocks of knowledge?

Schema

What are the stages of Piaget's Cognitive Development?

Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational

What is accepting directly whether it is right or wrong?

Assimilation

What occurs when an existing schema does not work and needs to be changed?

Accommodation

What occurs during the sensorimotor stage?

Object permanence

What is the term for focusing on only one aspect of a situation at one time?

Centration

What is the inability to see a situation from another person's point of view?

Egocentricism

What is it called when an object has human feelings and intentions?

Animism

What is the stage when something stays the same in quantity even though its appearance changes?

Conservation

What is the ability to sort things in an order according to size, shape, or any other characteristics.

Seriation

Who created Social Development Theory?

Lev Vygotsky

Who is seen as someone who has better understanding or a higher ability level than the learner?

More Knowledgeable Other

What is the difference between what a child can achieve independently and what a child can achieve with guidance?

Zone of Proximal Development

What are activities provided by educators, to support students as they are led through the zone of proximal development?

Scaffolding

Who created the Innastist Theory?

Noam Chomsky