AP World Unit 5.3 (Cram)

First Industrial Revolution

The First Industrial Revolution, a period from approximately 1760 to 1840, marked a shift from hand production to machine-based manufacturing, primarily driven by innovations like the steam engine and power loom. This revolution began in Great Britain and spread to other parts of Europe and North America, leading to increased production, urbanization, and significant social and economic changes.

Second Industrial Revolution

The Second Industrial Revolution, a period of rapid technological advancement and industrial growth, primarily spanned from the late 19th century to the early 20th century. It's characterized by the emergence of new industries like steel, electricity, and chemicals, alongside advancements in transportation (railroads, automobiles), communication (telegraph, telephone), and manufacturing processes.

Factory System

The factory system, in the context of AP World History, refers to a method of manufacturing where goods are produced on a large scale, utilizing power-driven machinery and organized labor, all concentrated within a single location (the factory). This system replaced the domestic system (where goods were produced in homes) and is a defining characteristic of the Industrial Revolution.

Steam Engine

A steam engine is defined as a heat engine that converts the energy stored in steam into mechanical work. This innovation fundamentally transformed transportation and manufacturing during the Industrial Revolution, playing a critical role in mechanizing production and facilitating the movement of goods and people.

Railroad

A system of land transportation using parallel steel rails, where vehicles, often locomotives, move along the tracks. These systems played a crucial role in connecting regions, facilitating trade, and influencing various aspects of society, including military expansion, economic prosperity, and even the spread of ideologies.

Electricity

The flow of electrical charge, a form of energy widely used in modern society for powering various devices and processes. It's a key factor in understanding technological advancements and their societal impact, particularly during the Industrial Revolution.

Internal Combustion Engine

A type of engine where fuel combustion occurs within the engine itself, converting that combustion into work. It's a key technological development, particularly associated with the Second Industrial Revolution, and revolutionized transportation, industry, and power generation.

Bessemer Process

The first industrial method for mass-producing steel, developed in the mid-19th century. It involved blowing air into molten iron to remove impurities like carbon and silicon, thus converting it into steel. This process revolutionized steel production, making it cheaper and faster, and enabling its use in various industries like railroads, bridges, and construction.

Capitalism

An economic system where private individuals own and control the means of production (land, resources, and capital). This system is driven by the profit motive, where individuals invest in businesses and aim to make a profit through market competition. Capitalism is also characterized by private property rights, where individuals have the right to own and use their property as they see fit.

Adam Smith

A key figure of the Scottish Enlightenment, best known for his work "The Wealth of Nations". Smith is considered the "father of modern economics" for his groundbreaking ideas on free markets, laissez-faire economics, and the "invisible hand".

Wealth of Nations

A 1776 book by Adam Smith, considered a foundational text in economic thought and a cornerstone of capitalism. The book advocated for free markets, the division of labor, and individual self-interest as the drivers of economic prosperity, challenging the prevailing mercantilist ideas of the time.

Laissez-Faire Capitalism

An economic system characterized by minimal government intervention in business affairs, promoting free markets and individual initiative. It translates to "let it be" or "leave it alone," emphasizing that the less government involvement, the better for economic success.

Free Markets

An economic system where prices, production, and consumption are largely determined by supply and demand, with minimal government intervention.

Transnational Businesses

A business that operates and conducts international business activities in multiple countries, often with a large amount of investment and revenue-generating assets across different nations.

Labor Unions

A collective of workers who organize to improve their wages, benefits, and working conditions through collective bargaining with employers.

Socialism

Socialism is generally defined as an economic and political system where the community or state, rather than individuals, owns and manages the means of production (like land, resources, and factories). It emerged as a response to capitalism and its emphasis on private ownership. Socialism often advocates for social equality and the distribution of wealth based on need, not ownership.

Karl Marx

Karl Marx (1818-1883) is a key figure known for his critique of capitalism and his development of Marxism, a theory that shaped socialist and communist movements. He's also famous for the Communist Manifesto (with Friedrich Engels) and Das Kapital, which analyzed the economic basis of society and history.

Communism

A political and economic system where the public, or the state, owns the major means of production (like factories and land), with wealth ideally distributed equally or according to need. It's often associated with the ideas of Karl Marx and forms of government inspired by those ideas, like those seen in Russia and China. Communism is one type of socialism, where resources are publicly rather than privately controlled.

Industrial Working Class

The group of people who worked in factories, mines, and other industrial settings during the Industrial Revolution and subsequent periods of rapid industrialization. They were primarily laborers who earned low wages and faced long hours and often dangerous conditions.

Middle Class

A social group situated between the upper and lower classes, characterized by moderate income, education, and professional occupations. This class emerged and gained significance during industrialization, influencing societal values, consumer habits, and political landscapes.

Meiji Restoration

Meiji Restoration, in Japanese history, the political revolution in 1868 that brought about the final demise of the Tokugawa shogunate (military government)—thus ending the Edo (Tokugawa) period (1603-1867)—and, at least nominally, returned control of the country to direct imperial rule under Mutsuhito (the emperor)

Muhammad Ali (Egypt)

Muhammad Ali was an Albanian Ottoman officer who became the de facto ruler of Egypt in the early 19th century. He is widely considered the founder of modern Egypt. Ali's rule was characterized by significant reforms and modernization efforts, including military, economic, and cultural changes. He is known for his role in modernizing the Egyptian military, expanding cotton production, and establishing a dynasty that ruled Egypt for over a century.

Opium Wars

The Opium Wars were a series of conflicts between China and Western powers, primarily Britain, in the mid-19th century, over trade imbalances and the illegal opium trade.

Unequal Treaties

A series of agreements signed between Western powers and various Asian nations, particularly China, during the 19th and early 20th centuries. These treaties were often imposed on Asian countries after military defeats or under duress, and they granted significant advantages and privileges to the Western powers while imposing considerable burdens on the Asian parties.

Extraterritoriality

The legal practice where individuals or entities operating in a foreign country are subject to the laws of their own country, rather than the laws of the host country. This often meant that Westerners in China or other countries being colonized or exploited by Western powers were not subject to local laws and could be tried in their own courts.

Boxer Rebellion

The Boxer Rebellion was an anti-foreign and anti-Christian uprising in China between 1899 and 1901. Led by the Society of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists, also known as the Boxers, this movement aimed to expel foreigners and their influence from China, especially in the areas of missionary activity and foreign concessions. The rebellion was fueled by anti-imperialist sentiments, economic hardship, and resistance to Western culture and religion.

"Century of Humiliation"

The period from the mid-19th to mid-20th centuries when China faced significant foreign influence, territorial losses, and a decline in its sovereignty due to unequal treaties and military defeats marked by the Opium Wars, Sino-Japanese War, and other conflicts.