DENT 1111 Test 1 Review Ch. 6-12

Tissues

-millions of the same type of cell join together to perform a specific function for the body

Types of tissues

1. Epithelial

2. Muscle

3. Nerve

4. Connective

Function of muscle tissue

-ability to lengthen and shorten thus moving body parts

-voluntary

-involuntary

Function of nerve tissue

-coordinates and controls many body activities

-stimulates muscle contraction

-plays role in emotions, memory and reasoning

-caries messages from all of body to brain

-found in spinal cord, brain and nerves

Function of connective tissue

-major support materials of the body

-provides support for the body, connects its organs + tissues

-stores fat

-destroys bacteria

-produce blood cells

Epithelium

-type of tissue that forms the covering of all body surfaces

Function of epithelial tissue

1. provide protection

2. produce secretions

3. regulate the passage of materials across them

Specialized epithelial cells

-some epithelial cells are specialized meaning they have special functions associated with skin color, hair, nails, mucus production and sweat regulation

Epithelial tissue covering and lining function

-skin protects the body fro exposure to disease causing organisms

-lines internal organs and body cavities

ex. nose, mouth, lungs and stomach

What are the 11 body systems

1. Skeletal system

2. Muscular system

3. Cardiovascular system

4. Lymphatic and immune system

5. Nervous system

6. Respiratory system

7. Digestive system

8. Urinary system

9. Integumentary system

10. Endocrine system

11. Reproductive system

Function of body systems

Skeletal system

Subdivides into:

-Axial skeleton

-Appendicular skeleton

Axial skeleton

-accounts for 80 bones in the human body

-consists of the skull, spinal column, ribs and sternum

Function:

-protect major organs of the nervous, respiratory and circulatory systems

Appendicular skeleton

-126 bones

-consists of upper extremities and lower + pelvic area

Function:

-protects organs of digestion and reproduction

Skeletal system- function

-protection

-support

-shape

-hematopoietic: storage of certain minerals

206 bones

Disorders of the skeletal system

-Arthritis-fracture-gout-osteomyelitis-osteoporosis-sprain

Arthritis

-inflammation of a joint

-swelling and pain

-mobility impairment

-difficulty performing daily tasks

Gout

-inflammatory joint reaction

-caused by accumulation of uric acid crystals

-usually affects big toe-swelling + redness

-intense pain

-sensitive to touch

Sprain

-injury to a joint when stretched beyond its normal range of movement

-pain

-swelling

-brusing

-abnormal movement

-joint weakness

Periosteum

"surrounding the bone"

-dense membrane made up of thin layer or whitish connective tissue containing nerves and blood vessels

-covers all surfaces of bone

-contributes to bone production and remodelling

-necessary for bone growth, repair, nutritive and carrying away waste

What is in the inner layer of the periosteum?

-loose connective tissue containing osteoblasts

What is the periosteum anchored to bone by?

Sharpey's fibers

What kinds of bone are below the periosteum?

1. Compact bone

2. Cancellous bone

Compact bone

aka cortical bone

-hard, dense bone

-forms the outer layer of bone (needed for strength)

Cancellous bone

aka trabecular or spongy bone

-found inside the bone

-light in weight, not as strong

-spongy, bony spicules that form a honeycomb pattern of spaces filled with BONE MARROW

Bone marrow

-gelatinous materials that produces white blood cells (fight infection) and red blood cells (carry oxygen) and platelets (help stop bleeding)

Cartilage

-strong flexible tissue

-covers the ends of your bones at the joint

-tough

-NONvascular CT

-gives shape and support to your nose, ears and trachea

-helps in movement (bones glide over each other)

Joints

-where 2 bones come together to allow movement

Fibrous joints

-do not move

Cartilaginous joints

-move slightly

-made of connective tissue cartilage

Synovial joints

-move in many directions

ex.

Ball and socket- movement in hips and shoulders

Hinge joints- knee and elbows

Gliding joints- wrist bones to slide

Saddle joint- touching thumb to the fingers

Pivot joint- rotating or twisting motion like head

Gomphoses- attaching tooth to a socket

*Muscular system- function

-holding body erect

-locomotion

-movement of body fluids

-production of body heat

-communication

Muscular system- components

Striated, smooth, and cardiac muscle

Disorders of the muscular system

-contusions -strain muscular dystrophy -sprain

Strain (NO TEAR)

-injury of a muscle that has been stretched beyond its capacity

-rupture of small blood vessels (swelling)

-area becomes tender

-painful muscle spasm

Sprain (TEAR)

-injury to a joint stretched beyond its normal range of motion, resulting in a tear

-pain

-swelling

-bruising

-abnormal motion

-joint weakness

Nervous system- function

-reception of stimuli

-transmission of messages

-coordinating mechanism

Includes:

-cns

-pns

-special sense organs

*Respiratory system- function

-transport of oxygen to cells

-excretion of carbon dioxide and some water wastes

Includes:

-nose

-paranasal sinuses

-pharynx

-epiglottis

-larynx

-trachea

-bronchi

-lungs

*Digestive system- function

-digestion of food

-absorption of nutrients

-elimination of solid wastes

Includes:

-mouth

-pharynx

-esophagus

-stomach

-intestines

-accessory organs

Structures of the digestive system

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, liver, pancreas, large intestine, gallbladder

Digestive process

1. Ingestion

2. Digestion

3. Movement- peristalsis

4. Absorption

5. Elimination

Stomach

-saclike organ that lies in the abdominal cavity just under the diaphragm

-glands produce gastric juices that aid in digestion and the mucus that forms the protective coating of the stomach lining

Small intestine

-extends from the stomach to the first part of the large intestine

3 parts: duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Large intestine

-extends from the end of the small intestine to the anus

4 parts: cecum, colon, sigmoid colon and rectum and anus

Liver

-located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen

-removes excess glucose from the blood stream stores it as glycogen

-when blood sugar is low the liver converts glycogen back into glucose and releases it for use of the body

-destroys old erythrocytes, removes poison from blood, manufactures blood proteins

-manufactures bile, a digestive juice

Gallbladder

-pear shapes sac located under the liver

-stores and concentrates bile for later

-bile is emptied into the duodenum of the small intestine

Pancreas

-produces pancreatic juices which contains digestive enzymes

-these juices are emptied into the duodenum of the small intestine

Esophagus

-tubelike structure approximately 10 inches in length

-transports food from the pharynx to the stomach

Disorders of the digestive system

-gastroesphageal reflux

-peptic ulcer

-ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease

-hemorrhoids

-peritonitis

Gastroesophageal reflux disease

-backward flow of gastric juices into the esophagus

-heartburn

-difficulty swallowing

Peptic ulcer

-erosion of the gastric mucosa that exposes it to gastric juice and pepsin

-feeling of pressure, burning, heaviness or hunger, change in appetite and weight loss

Ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease

-chronic inflammatory process of bowel that results in poor absorption of nutrients

-abdominal pain

-cramping

-diarrhea with weight loss

-anemia

-fatigue

*Integumentary system- function

-protection of body

-regulation of body temperature

Includes:

-skin

-hair

-nails

-sweat and sebaceous glands

3 different layers of skin

epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous fat

Epidermis

-outer layer of skin

-nonvascular

-receive nutrients from vessels in underlying tissue

-new cells are pushed into the surface, older cells die ad are sloughed off

Dermis

-thick connective tissue

-gives bulk of the skin

-many free nerve endings and receptors which allow for detection of touch, temp and pain

-with age, CT becomes less elasticized and wrinkles form

Subcutaneous fat

-loose connective tissue

-anchors skin to underlying organs

-insulates body against heat loss

-cushions underlying organs

-distribution of fat is responsible for differences of in body contours between men and women

Disorders of the integumentary system

Abscess, acne, eczema, basal cell carcinoma

Abscess

-result of a wound that allows bacteria to invade the dermis

-red

-tender nodule that enlarges and becomes more painful as it grows

3 different types of muscles

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

Skeletal muscle

-also referred to as striated muscles attach to the bones of the skeleton and make voluntary movement possible

ex. you decide when to move your leg

Where does the name striated come from?

-dark and light bands within the muscle fibers create a striped or striated appearance

Smooth muscle

-produce slow contractions

-visceral

-nonstriated

-involuntary bc under control of ANS

ex. (digestion)

-found in visceral (internal) organs as well as in hollow body cavities

Cardiac muscle

-striated in appearance

-involuntary

-tissue makes up the walls of the heart

-contraction of this muscle results in the heartbeat

-muscles help pump blood out of the heart

Alveolar process (bone)

-thick ridge of bone

-contains the tooth sockets that hold the teeth

-develops in response to the growth of developing teeth

-bone resembles a sponge in appearance with irregular spaces

What happens to the alveolar process after teeth have been lost?

-bone resorbs and the ridge decreases in size and changes in shape

Osteoblasts

-responsible for the formation of bone

Osetoclasts

-responsible for the resorption and remodelling of bone

Cortical bone- alveolar process

-dense outer covering of the spongy bone that makes up the central part of the alveolar bone

-provides strength and protection

-place where skeletal muscle attach

-cortical plate on mandible is denser than the maxilla and has fewer openings for vessels and nerves

Alveolar crest- alveolar process

-highest point of the alveolar ridge

-alveolar bone fuses with cortical plates on the facial and lingual sides of the crest of the alveolar process

-distance between CEJ and alveolar crest is fairly constant

Alveolar socket- alveolar process

-cavity within the alveolar bone that surrounds the root of the tooth

-tooth doesn't contact bone at this point, it is suspended in place within the socket by the PDL

Interdental septum

-bony projection that separates each socket

Interradicular septum

-bone that separates the roots of a multirooted tooth

Lamina dura- alveolar process

aka cribriform plate

-thin compact bone that lines the alveolar socket

-pierced by many small openings, which allows blood vessels and nerves to communicate with the PDL

-thin white line on a dental radiograph

What is the oral mucosa composed of?

stratified squamous epithelium overlying a connective tissue proper (lamina propria)

Types of oral mucosa present in the mouth

-lining

-masticatory

-specialized

Lining mucosa

-non keratinized

-soft texture

-moist surface

-ability to stretch and compress

-act as a cushion for underlying structures

-covers inside of the cheeks, vestibule, lips, soft palate and ventral surface of the tongue

-not attached to bone so it moves freely

Masticatory mucosa

-keratinized

-rubbery surface, texture and resilience

-light pink

-firmly affixed to bone and does not move

Specialized mucosa

-on dorsal of the tongue

-present in from of lingual papilla

Hyoid bone

-shaped like a horseshoe, central body with 2 lateral projections

-does not articulate with any other bone

-suspended between mandible and larynx

-primary support for tongue and other muscles

Movement of the lower jaw

-TMJ performs 2 basic movements

1. Hinge (open + closes jaw)

2. Gliding (allows jaw to shift side to side)

Hinge movement

-first phase

-only lower compartment of joint used

-condylar head rotates around a point on the undersurface of the articular disc

-body of the mandible drops downward and backward

How does the jaw open?

Combined actions of the:

-external pterygoid

-digastric

-mylohyoid

-geniohyoid

How does the jaw close?

Combined actions of the:

-temporal

-masseter

-internal pterygoid

Gliding movement

-allows lower jaw to move forward or backward

-involves both lower and upper compartments of the joint

-condyle and articular disc glide forward and downward along the articular eminence

When does the gliding movement happen?

-protrusion

-lateral movements of the mandible in combination with hinge action when mouth is opened wide

Protrusion

-forward movement of mandible

-internal and external pterygoid muscles on both sides contract together

Origin

attachment of a muscle that remains relatively fixed during muscular contraction

Insertion

The attachment of a muscle tendon to a moveable bone or the end opposite the origin

Muscles of head and neck

1) muscles of the neck

2) muscles of facial expression

3) muscles of mastication

4) muscles of the floor of the mouth

5) muscles of the tongue

6) muscles of the soft palate

7) muscles of the pharynx

1) Muscles of neck

sternocleidomastoid and trapezius

Muscles of facial expression

-orbicularis oris

-buccinator

-mentalis

-zygomatic major

*Muscles of mastication

"Don't choke, take your TIME chewing"

T- Temporalis

I- Internal pterygoid

M- Masseter

E- External pterygoid

Temporalis muscle

Origin:

-temporal fossa

Insertion:

-coronoid process and anterior border of mandibular ramus

Temporalis muscle function

-raises mandible and closes jaw

Internal pterygoid muscle

Origin:

-medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone, palatine bone and maxillary tuberosity

Insertion:

-into inner (medial) surface of ramus and angle of mandible

Internal pterygoid function

-closes jaw

-acts with lateral pterygoid on the same side, pulls mandible to one side; medial and lateral pterygoids on both sides act together to bring lower jaw forward

Masseter muscle (superficial)

Origin:

-lower border of zygomatic arch

Insertion:

-angle and lower lateral side of mandibular ramus

Masseter muscle (deep)

Origin:

-posterior and medial side of zygomatic arch

Insertion:

-upper lateral ramus and mandibular coronoid process

Masseter muscle function

-raises mandible and closes jaw