Fundamentals of Chemistry Part 1.0

What is the study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter and the changes it undergoes?

Chemistry

What are the three basic states of matter:

1. Solid

2. Liquid

3. Gas

Other states of matter:

1. Plasma

2. Bose-Einstein Condensate

It is a state of matter with an ionized gas

Plasma

It occurs at ultralow temperature (very near to absolute zero, close to the point that the atoms are not moving at all)

Bose-Einstein Condensate

What occupies space and possesses mass; may exist as solid, liquid, or gas?

Matter

Two classifications of matter:

1. Pure substance

2. Mixture

This is the matter who has an invariant chemical composition and distinct properties?

Pure substance

It is the fundamental substance; cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical methods

Element

What is the substance composed of two or more elements in fixed proportions; can be separated into simpler substances and elements only by chemical methods?

Compound

What is a material made up of two or more different substances which are physically combined, but not chemically bonded?

Mixture

The mixture is completely uniform throughout. You cannot see the individual components with the naked eye.

Homogeneous

The mixture is non-uniform. You can easily see the different phases or substances that make it up.

Heterogeneous

Many laws in Chemistry are stated as variation statements. These statements may be:

1. Direct

2. Inverse

3. Joint Variations

What is simply the way of comparing certain attribute of an object with some given standard?

Measurement

The International Standards of mass equal to 1 kg refer to a cylinder of?

platinum-iridium

The second is defined as 9,192,631,770 times the period of vibration from?

Cesium atom

1 meter is defined as the distance of light travels in a vacuum in?

1/299,792,458 seconds

Measurement may be taken by:

1. Direct Method

2. Indirect Method

Seven SI Fundamental Quantities:

Some SI Derived Units:

It is a complete set of units both fundamental and derived for all kind of quantities

System of Units

FPS (foot-pound-second)

Old British or English System

MS (meter-kilogram-second)

CGS (centimeter-gram-second)

Metric System SI (Systeme International d’Unites)-

Multiples and Submultiples Prefixes Tables:

What are those digits in a number with known certainty plus the first digit that is uncertain?

Significant figures

They are numbers that have defined values and are obtained by definition. The number is not counted in determining the number of significant figures.

Example: 12 eggs in a dozen, 2 pieces in a pair

Exact numbers (constant number)

They are numbers that are obtained by measurement and must be expressed in the right significant figures. The number of significant figures must depend on the sensitivity of measuring devices used

Inexact numbers

All rules of significant figures:

Rule 1: All nonzero digits are significant

Rule 2: Middle zeroes (zeroes between two nonzero digits) are significant

Rule 3: All zeroes that are written to the right of the decimal number count as significant figures

Rule 4: Leading zeroes (zeroes to the right of the decimal number less than none and preceding a nonzero digit) are not significant

Rule 5: Trailing zeroes (zeroes at the end of a nonzero digit) is significant if a decimal point or a bar on top is indicated, for example, 300. kW has three significant figure.

What is a convenient way of expressing a very small or a very large number?

Scientific notation

The form of Scientific Notation:

M x 10^n

In these two, the number of decimal places to the decimal point’s right in the final sum and difference is determined by the lowest number of decimal places to the decimal point’s right in any of the original numbers.

Addition or subtraction

In these two, the result must contain the same number of significant figures as in the original number having the smallest number of significant figures

Multiplication or division

It is used to convert a unit to another unit, a numerator, and a denominator representing a relationship are used

Dimensional analysis or factor unit method

LENGTH CONVERSION FACTORS:

1 m = 3.281 ft = 1.094 yards (yd)

1 inch (in) = 2.54 cm

1 foot (ft) = 12 in

1 mile (mi) 1.61 km

AREA CONVERSION FACTORS:

1 square meter (m²) = 10.76 square feet (ft²)

1 ft² = 929 square centimeter (cm²)

1 hectare = 10,00 m² = 2.471 acres

1 acre = 43, 560 ft²

VOLUME CONVERSION FACTORS:

1 mL = 1 cubic centimeter (cc or cm³)

1 L = 1000 mL = 1.057 quarts (qt)

1 cubic meter (m³) = 1000 L

1 gal = 3.7854 L

TIME CONVERSION FACTORS:

1 earth year = 364.25 days

1 week = 7 days

1 day = 24 hours (hr)

1 hr = 60 minutes (min) = 3600 sec

MASS CONVERSION FACTORS:

1 kg = 1000 g = 2.2 pounds (lb)

1 g = 1000 mg

metric ton = 1000 kg

pound = 454 kg

It is the quantity of matter that it contains. It is a constant quantity.

Mass

It is the force that gravity exerts on the body

Weight

A moderately accurate measurement is done, it is sensitive to 0.01 gram

Triple Beam Balance