History of Philosophy and Dialectical Materialism Practice Flashcards

A collection of 100 practice questions and answers derived from philosophy lecture notes covering the history of philosophy, dialectics, and the principles of dialectical materialism.

What are the basic functions of Philosophy?

Worldview function and general methodology function.

According to the transcript, what are the origins of idealism?

Limitations of human cognition and the social division/opposition between intellectual labor and manual labor.

In a class-based society, does philosophy possess a class character?

Yes, it has a class character.

Which viewpoint characterizes the historical idealist position on social development?

The development of society is determined by human thought.

The statement 'the economic factor is the only decisive factor in history' belongs to which philosophical stance?

Vulgar materialism.

How is Ancient Dialectics characterized in the transcript?

It is naïve and rustic.

What is the philosophical nature of Hegel's dialectics?

Objective idealist dialectics.

Which school of thought views the movement of nature and history as alienation from the Absolute Idea?

Objective idealism.

What is the starting point of dialectics regarding the nature of things and phenomena?

The affirmation that things and phenomena include inherent contradictions.

In the development of philosophical methods, what did the metaphysical method push back before being negated by modern dialectics?

Ancient dialectics.

Which philosophical position claims 'the cause is higher and more perfect than its effect'?

Objective idealism.

What is the important argument used to refute a religious worldview regarding causes and effects?

The cause is equal to its result/effect.

According to the metaphysical view, how does 'the general' ($cái chung$) exist in relation to 'the individual' ($cái riêng$)?

It exists independently and does not depend on the individual.

What are the three main components of the content of a worldview?

Cosmology (nature), Social view, and Human outlook (human life).

What is considered the primarily core of a worldview?

Philosophical views.

On what aspects does a worldview have significance?

Theoretical and practical aspects.

A scientific worldview is based on which philosophical position?

Materialism.

In which historical period was philosophy considered to include the entirety of human knowledge?

Ancient philosophy.

Determining that the world is unified in its materiality is a viewpoint of which philosophy?

Dialectical materialism.

What was the common point in the conception of matter among ancient materialists?

Identifying matter with specific, perceptible objects or universal attributes of objects.

According to Lenin, what did the discovery of X-rays and electrons prove regarding matter?

It proved that the previous limits of our understanding of matter were gone, not that matter itself vanished.

According to dialectical materialism, is a vacuum considered a material existence?

Yes.

Does dialectical materialism identify the concept of matter as being the same as the concept of a physical object?

No.

What central concept did Lenin use to define matter?

Objective reality.

In Lenin's definition, what is the most general attribute of matter used to distinguish it from consciousness?

Existing objectively outside of consciousness and not depending on sensation.

How does dialectical materialism categorize anti-electrons and anti-nuclei?

They are objective reality and specific forms of matter.

What is the relationship between matter and motion ($vận động$)?

There is no motion without matter and no matter without motion.

What does 'objective existence' ($tồn tại khách quan$) mean?

Existing outside and independent of human consciousness, while being reflected by consciousness.

According to Engels, what proves the material unity of the world?

The long and difficult development of philosophy and natural science.

In epistemology, what is the significance of the concept of 'matter'?

It is objective reality that exists independently of human consciousness and is reflected by it.

What was a limitation of Western European materialists in the modern era regarding the motion of matter?

They considered the motion of matter to be mechanical motion.

What does the phrase 'motion is the mode of existence of matter' imply?

Matter exists by moving and expresses its specific existence through motion.

Can forms of motion of matter transform into one another?

Yes.

Is 'rest' ($đứng im$) considered absolute or relative?

Relative.

What are space and time according to Marxist-Leninist philosophy?

They are the basic forms of material existence.

In Marxist-Leninist philosophy, the attribute of 'reflection' ($phản ánh$) is found where?

It is universal in all material structures.

What is the natural origin of consciousness?

The human brain and the interaction of the objective world with the brain.

Which factors directly constitute the social origin of consciousness?

Labor and language.

What is the role of language in relation to consciousness?

It acts as the 'material shell' ($cái vỏ vật chất$) of consciousness.

According to dialectical materialism, what is 'consciousness'?

A spiritual reflection of the world by humans; objective reality moved into the human brain and transformed within it.

What characteristics define the essence of consciousness?

Non-sensibility, creativity, and social character.

Can consciousness create the objective world?

Yes, but only through human practice ($thực tiễn$).

What role does 'knowledge' ($tri thức$) play in consciousness?

It is the basic content and the mode of existence of consciousness.

How is the dialectical relationship between matter and consciousness performed?

Through practical activity ($hoạt động thực tiễn$).

What is the general methodology of materialism for cognition and practice?

Proceed from objective reality.

What is the main characteristic of Greek dialectics?

It is spontaneous, rustic, and naïve.

How do all things and phenomena exist according to dialectical materialism?

They exist in universal connection and are constantly changing and developing.

Which dialectic claims that the 'dialectic of ideas' gives birth to the 'dialectic of things'?

Objective idealist dialectics (associated with Hegel).

What is 'objective dialectics' ($biện chứng khách quan$)?

The dialectics of material existence/reality.

What is 'subjective dialectics' ($biện chứng chủ quan$)?

The dialectics of consciousness or thinking.

What is 'spontaneous dialectics' ($biện chứng tự phát$)?

Dialectical elements achieved by humans during world exploration that haven't been systematized.

What is the relationship between subjective and objective dialectics?

Subjective dialectics reflects objective dialectics.

Describe the content of the principle of universal connection.

The world is a whole where processes are distinct yet interact, permeate, and transform into one another.

What is the basis for the connections between things according to materialist dialectics?

The material unity of the world.

How do the dialectical method and metaphysical method differ regarding state and connection?

Dialectics studies things in universal connection and movement; Metaphysics studies them in isolation and at rest.

Which historical era was dominated by the metaphysical method?

The $XVII - XVIII$ centuries.

How many basic forms of dialectics are there?

3 (Ancient, German Idealist, and Materialist).

What are the 3 major representatives of ancient dialectics mentioned?

The Theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements, Buddhism, and Heraclitus.

What are the basic principles and laws of Materialist Dialectics?

2 principles and 3 laws.

How is 'Connection' ($liên hệ$) defined in these notes?

A category indicating mutual binding, determination, and interaction causing change among things.

Can the difference or identity between things be absolute?

No.

How are categories ($phạm trù$) formed?

Through generalization and abstraction of inherent attributes and internal connections of things.

Is the system of categories in materialist dialectics open or closed?

It is an open system.

What is 'The Individual' ($Cái riêng$)?

A category used to indicate a specific, certain separate thing, phenomenon, or process.

What is 'The General' ($Cái chung$)?

A category used to indicate common attributes repeated in many individual things, phenomena, or processes.

What is 'The Unique' ($Cái đơn nhất$)?

Attributes that exist in only one thing or phenomenon in a certain relationship and are not repeated.

Explain the dialectical relationship between the general and the individual.

The general exists in the individual; the individual only exists in connection with the general.

Which is considered 'richer': the Individual or the General?

The Individual ($Cái riêng$) is the whole and richer than the General ($Cái chung$).

Which is considered 'deeper': the Individual or the General?

The General ($Cái chung$) is the part but deeper than the Individual ($Cái riêng$).

Can 'The General' and 'The Unique' transform into each other?

Yes, they can transform into each other during development.

In the example of the concept of 'Vietnam', what is 'Hanoi' considered?

The unique ($cái đơn nhất$).

Define 'Cause' ($Nguyên nhân$).

The interaction between sides within a thing or between things causing a certain change.

Define 'Effect' ($Kết quả$).

The changes that appear due to the interaction between sides within a thing or between things.

Which comes first: the Cause or the Effect?

The Cause.

What are the common properties of the causal relationship?

Objectivity, universality, and necessity ($tất tất yếu$).

What is the principle of 'Determinism' ($Quyết định luận$)?

The view that causal connections cover all phenomena without exception.

Define 'Necessity' ($Tất nhiên$).

What is determined by internal basic causes of the material structure and must happen that way under certain conditions.

Define 'Chance' ($Ngẫu nhiên$).

What is determined by external factors and circumstances, not by internal essential connections.

Does 'Chance' follow any laws?

It is an expression of a law.

Are Necessity and Chance objective or subjective?

They exist objectively and independent of human consciousness.

Can Necessity and Chance transform into each other?

Yes.

In practice, what should we primarily base our actions on: Necessity or Chance?

Basically on Necessity, but we must also calculate for Chance.

Define 'Content' ($Nội dung$).

The sum of all sides and elements creating the thing.

Define 'Form' ($Hình thức$).

The mode of existence and development of a thing, acting as a system of relatively stable connections between elements.

In the development of a thing, which factor is decisive: Content or Form?

Content.

Which changes more slowly: Content or Form?

Form.

Define 'Essence' ($Bản chất$).

The sum of all internal, stable, necessary connections that determine the movement and development of a thing.

Define 'Phenomenon' ($Hiện tượng$).

The external expression of essence.

Is Essence considered stable or variable compared to Phenomenon?

Essence is relatively stable; Phenomenon is not stable and always changing.

Define 'Reality' ($Hiện thực$).

What currently exists or is actually present.

Define 'Possibility' ($Khả năng$).

What does not exist yet but will happen when corresponding conditions are suitable.

In which field is human participation required for possibility to become reality?

The social field.

What is a 'Dialectical Contradiction' ($mâu thuẫn biện chứng$)?

The unity of opposites.

What is the 'Unity of Opposites' ($thống nhất của các mặt đối lập$)?

When opposites mutually determine, are similar, and rely on each other as a prerequisite for existence.

What is the 'Struggle of Opposites' ($đấu tranh của các mặt đối lập$)?

When opposites mutually exclude, eliminate, and negate each other leading to transformation.

In which historical period did science begin to develop strongly in Western Europe?

The Renaissance.

Who proposed the theory that the Sun is at the center of the universe?

Nicolaus Copernicus.

What was the punishment for Giordano Bruno by the religious court?

Death by Burning at the stake ($thiêu sống$).

Which branch of science flourished most and influenced thinking in the modern era ($cận đại$)?

Mechanics ($Cơ học$).

Who is credited with creating the first system of mechanical/metaphysical materialism in history?

Thomas Hobbes.