Quiz 1: Speech and Hearing Science

Linguistic determinism

language determines thinking. suggests that the language a

person speaks can determine their view of the world, thought, and how they experience or understand the world.

Linguistic determinism is also known as the

Whorfian Hypothesis or Sapir Whorf

bioacoustics

This is the study of how we produce, transmit, and perceive sound.

Boyles Law

pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume, as long as the temperature and the amount of gas remain constant.

Example of Boyles Law

Pushing down on the plunger of a syringe (decreasing volume), the pressure of the trapped air inside increases

Brownian Motion

Random movement of air molecules in random patterns and at extremely high speeds; colliding with each other and with whatever is in their path - walls, furniture, people, and so on

Example of Brownian motion

Spray of perfume; the molecules spread out to fill the room or glass.

• The scent molecules are randomly colliding with and being jostled by the molecules of the air or water.

Inertia

The resistance of any physical object to a change in its state of

motion or rest; an object in motion stays in motion

Example of inertia

A ball continues to roll on a surface until friction or another force causes it to stop

Aperiodic

 have two more frequencies that are not related. These waves are without harmonics and a fundamental frequency .

Examples of aperiodic complex waves

clapping, popping a buble, static on a radio

periodic complex waves

 have two more frequencies that are not related. These typically produce musical or voiced sounds

what are periodic complex waves made up of

a fundamental frequency and harmonics

what are some examples of periodic complex waves

whistling a tune, the sound from a tuning fork, vibrating strings

1. What are the three essential constituents of sound?

A source of energy to start vibration, A force to keep the molecules moving, A medium of transmission (solid, liquid, gas)

Longitudinal Wave

individual molecules move in parallel

to the direction that the wave is traveling

example of longitudinal waves

wheat blowing in a field, sound coming from a speaker

what type wave is sound

Longitudinal waves

Transverse waves

individual molecules move up and down at right angles to the direction that the wave is traveling

example of transverse wave

wave motion of water, a bobber at the end of a 

fishing pole

Simple harmonic motion

restoring force acting on an object (i.e., elasticity) is directly proportional to the displacement of the object from its equilibrium position but in the opposite direction (i.e., toward its equilibrium position)

example of simple harmonic motion

wheel traveling at a constant speed along a straight path creating a sinusoidal wave

frequency

the number of cycles that occur in 1 second. (cycles per second)

measurements for freq

hertz (Hz)

period 1

the time it takes for one complete cycle to occur (duration of one cycle)

measurement for period

seconds

wavelength #1

the distance covered by one complete cycle

measurment for wavelength

meters

amplitude

maxium displacement for position of rest

period

sound waves can be periodic or aperiodic

what is always the speed of sound

330 meters/ second

Cycle is also known as

Period

cycle

one complete pattern of compression and rarefaction

wavelength formula

speed of sound/ freq

wavelength

distance traveled during one cycle

symbol for wavelength

lambda

amplitude is directly…

related to the acoustic energy or intensity of a sound.

lower frequencies has

longer wavelengths

high frequencies have

shorter wavelengths

pure tones

sound of a SINGLE frequency generated when an object vibrates in

simple harmonic motion

Aperiodic is..

complex

lowest freq of vibration

fundamental freq (F0)

Normal conversation is around

60

humans can perceive freq from around

20 to 20,000 hz

humans can percieve intensties from

0 to 140 dB

the threshold of pain is

130 dB

x axis of waveform representsn (horizontal)

Frequency

y axis of a waveoform represents (vertical)

amplitude

Pure tone has

one freq

complex sounds

waves that consist of 2 or more frequencies when waves of different frequencies combine with each other

Transverse waves

are perpiduclar

Longtiduinal waves are

parallel

Simple harmonic motion is also a

pure tone

what kind of wave is a simple harmonic motion

sinusoidal wave

Components of Lang

Form, Content, Use

Morphology

Internal organizations: The study of the structures of words and how they are formed with prefixes, suffixes, and root words

Phonology

Rules of language that have to do with what sounds are used to make syllables and words; Example: Knowing that “sp” is a sound blend in English, but “ps” doesn’t start words

Syntax

The organization of phrases and sentences Example: “The dog chased the cat” vs. “Chased the cat the dog.”

Semantics

the meaning of words and sentences.

• Example: Understanding the difference between big vs. huge.

Pragmatics

The social use of language (knowing how to use language in different situations).

• Example: Saying “Could you please pass the salt?” at dinner instead of “Give me that.”

symbol for period or cycle

T

symbol for decibal

dB

Amplitude symbol

A

Sinusoid

Pure tone and simple sound

Harmonic Freq

 are the whole number multiples of the fundamental frequency. 

example of harmonic freq

• If your fundamental frequency is 100Hz. The harmonics would be 200Hz, 300Hz, and so forth.

decibel

This is a scale used to measure how loud a sound is.

What are four main physiologic measurements of speech?

Respiration, Phonation, Resonation, Articulation

Decrease freq mean

increased period and increased wavelength