DIGESTIVE ENZYMES

Enzymes

• protein substances that can initiate or speed up chemical reactions.

Enzymes

• act on food materials and convert them into simple substances.

Biological Catalysts

• another name for enzymes.

Substrates

• the substances that are acted upon by enzymes.

Accessory Organs of Digestion

• the glands that secrete chemical substances into the organs of digestion.

  • it contains the liver, pancreas, the salivary, gastric, and the intestinal glands.

Lock-and-Key Model

• by Emil Fischer, states that enzymes have specific shapes that directly correlate to the shape of the substrate.

Carbohydrases

• enzymes that break down carbohydrates.

Proteinases / Proteases

• enzymes that break down proteins. 

Chyme

• the bolus is mixed and churned by the muscles of the stomach and is changed into this thick liquid.

Duodenum

•  the first part of the small intestine.

Pancreas

• connected to the duodenum

• releases pancreatic juice containing the enzyme amylase (amylopsin).

Amylopsin

• this enzyme continues the chemical digestion of carbohydrates by breaking them down further into simple sugars.

Bolus

• the food is mixed with saliva after it has been chewed.

Pancreatic Duct

• secretes pancreatic juice that contains the enzyme trypsin.

  • connected to the duodenum of the small intestine.

Trypsin

• will repeat the work of pepsin.

• this is to ensure that all the protein molecules are changed into smaller molecules, polypeptides, and dipeptides.

Intestinal Glands

• secrete the final enzymes for protein digestion.

Amino Peptidases

• will change polypeptides and small polypeptides to amino acids.

Dipeptidase (Erepsin)

• will change dipeptides > amino acids, the final products of protein digestion.

Digestion of Fats

• begins and ends in the small intestine.

Pancreatic Steapsin

• the enzyme that will act on fats (e.g., butter) and change fats > fatty acids and glycerol.

Intestinal Steapsin

• intestinal glands secrete the __________ _______ that will repeat the work of steapsin secreted by the pancreas to ensure that all fat molecules are changed to their simplest forms.

Urinary System

• the body's cleansing department, and its task is to filter blood as it flows to the kidney.

Urinary System

• removes waste products of metabolism and converts them to urine.

Kidneys

• are organs about 4.5 inches long, 2-3 inches wide, and about 1 inch thick.

Kidneys

•  are located at the posterior of the abdominal wall at the level of the last thoracic vertebra and the first three lumbar vertebrae.

Ureters

• consist of a pair of tubes 10 to 12 inches long and about 0.5 inches thick.

Ureters

• convey urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.

Bladder

• a hollow muscular bag that temporarily stores urine and periodically empties during urination.

Urethra

• the small tube through which urine exits from the bladder to the outside.

Urethra

• empties through an opening called the urinary meatus.

Female Urethra

• shorter and is located in front of the vagina.

Male Urethra

• is about 8 inches long and follows a winding course.

  • - it is the common duct for urine and seminal fluid.

Renal Vein

• carries clean blood back to the body through the inferior vena cava.

Micturition

• the other term for “urination.”

Renal Artery

• carries blood to the kidneys for filtering.