Period 2 APUSH

John Cabot

Explored lands that would later be colonized by the British a century later

Joint-stock company

A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts. Lowers risk of financing the journey

Act of Toleration

a 1649 Maryland law that provided religious freedom for all Christians after trying to avoid persecution in England

Roger Williams

Puritan minister who believed that the individual's conscience was beyond the control of any civil or church authority

Anne Hutchinson

Dissented from puritan views; believed in antinomianism (individuals receive salvation from faith alone, so they were not required ti follow moral laws)

Halfway Covenant

Puritan document which allowed people to become partial members even if they had not felt a conversion in order to try to keep practices strong

Quakers

English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preached inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania

William Penn

A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution.

Holy Experiment

William Penn's term for the government of Pennsylvania, which was supposed to serve everyone and provide freedom for all.

Charter of Liberties

In 1701, the Pennsylvania colony created this written constitution which guaranteed freedom of worship for all and unrestricted immigration

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia

Captain John Smith

English explorer who helped found the colony at Jamestown, Virginia

John Rolfe

One of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.

Plymouth Colony

A colony established by the English Pilgrims, or Separatists, in 1620. The Separatists were Puritans who abandoned hope that the Anglican Church could be reformed. Plymouth became part of Massachusetts in 1691.

Mayflower

The ship in which the Pilgrim Fathers sailed from England to Massachusetts in 1620 and established Plymouth

Massachusetts Bay Colony

1629 - King Charles gave the Puritans a right to settle and govern a colony in the Massachusetts Bay area. The colony established political freedom and a representative government.

Puritans

Moderate dissenters, believed Church of England could be reformed

John Winthrop

Puritan governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony. Speaker of "City upon a hill" and founded Boston

Great Migration

Religious and political conflict in England in the 1630s drove 15,000 settlers to the Massachusetts Bay Colony

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

first written constitution in America, representative gov with legislature elected by popular vote

Virginia House of Burgesses

The first elected assembly in the New World, established in 1619 dominated by elite planters

Mayflower Compact

Pilgrims made decisions by will of majority, an early form of self-government

Corporate Colonies

Colonies operated by joint-stock companies during the early years of the colonies, such as Jamestown

Royal Colonies

Colonies controlled directly by the British king through governors appointed by him and through the king's veto power over colonial laws.

Proprietary Colonies

Colonies in which the proprietors (who had obtained their patents from the king) named the governors, subject to the king's approval. (Charters)

Virginia Company

Joint-Stock Company in London that received a charter for land in the new world. Founded Jamestown

Chesapeake colonies

Term for the colonies of Maryland and Virginia

Triangular Trade

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Navigation Acts

Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries. All goods imported to the colonies had to pass through England and could only be carried by English or colonial ships

Dominion of New England

1686 - The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province implemented by James II, headed by a royal governor (Andros). The Dominion ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros.

King Philip's War

1675 - A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wampanoags, led by a chief known as King Philip. The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion.

Sir William Berkeley

the royal governor of Virginia. Adopted policies that favored large planters and neglected the needs of small farmers. His shortcomings led to Bacon's Rebellion

Bacon's Rebellion

1676 - Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkeley for trying ignoring small farmers. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness.

New England Confederation

1643 - Formed to provide for the defense of the four New England colonies (Plymouth, Mass Bay, Connecticut, and New Haven), and also acted as a court in disputes between colonies. Unified for common purpose

Indentured servants

Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years

Headright system

Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.

Middle Passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies. Very dangerous, many Africans died

Great Awakening

Religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were established.

Sectarian

The first colonial colleges were sectarian, meaning they promoted the doctrines of a particular religion. The Puritans founded Harvard in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1636.

substistence farming

farming in which only enough food to feed one's family is produced

Scotch-Irish

Ethnic group that had already relocated once before immigrating to America and settling largely on the Western frontier of the middle and southern colonies. Little respect for British

Social mobility

Movement of individuals or groups from one position in a society's stratification system to another. White residents had an opportunity to improve their standard of living through hard work

Hereditary aristocracy

A form of government in which rule is in the hands of an "upper class" or aristocratic family. This inevitably means those with the power to hold wealth, and to define who shall remain in poverty and slavery. Started to disappear in the colonies and became narrower

John Peter Zenger

Journalist who questioned the policies of the governor of New York in the 1700's. He was jailed; he sued, and this court case was the basis for our freedom of speech and press. He was found not guilty.

Enlightenment

a movement that emphasized science and reason as guides to help see the world more clearly

Town meetings

A purely democratic form of government common in the colonies, and the most prevalent form of local government in New England. In general, the town's voting population would meet once a year to elect officers, levy taxes, and pass laws.