Ap human unit one vocabulary review

absolute location

Exact location of a place on the earth described by global coordinates

Accesibility

the relative ease with which a destination may be reached from some other place

Activity Space

the space within which daily activity occurs

carrying capacity

Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support

Cartography

science or art of making maps

Connectivity

The degree of economic, social, cultural, or political connection between two places

Contagious Diffusion

The rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population.

context

The circumstances, atmosphere, attitudes, and events surrounding a text.

Cultural Ecology

the geographic study of human-environment relationships and how human cultures adapt to and interact with their environments

cultural landscape

the visible imprint of human activity on the landscape

cultural trait

The specific customs that are part of the everyday life of a particular culture, such as language, religion, ethnicity, social institutions, and aspects of popular culture.

Distance Decay

the effects of distance on interaction, generally the greater the distance the less interaction

enviromental determinism

A doctrine that claims that cultural traits are formed and controlled by environmental conditions.

epidemic

regional outbreak of a disease.

Expansion Diffusion

The spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in a snowballing process.

Fieldwork

the study of geographic phenomena by visiting places and observing how people interact with and thereby change those places.

formal region

An area in which everyone shares in one or more distinctive characteristics.

friction of distance

the increase in time and cost that usually comes with increasing distance.

region

Area of Earth identified as sharing a formal, functional, or perceptual commonality that makes it different from regions around it.

Reference Map

provides a general overview of a location, displaying geographical information like boundaries, features (mountains, rivers), and political data (cities, roads).

Cartogram

A special kind of map that distorts the shapes and sizes of countries or other political regions to present economic or other kinds of data for comparison.

Cartographic Scale

refers to the way the map communicates the ratio of its size to the size of what it represents.

Chloropleth Map

a map that uses differences in shading, coloring, or the placing of symbols within predefined areas to indicate the average values of a property or quantity in those areas.

clustered

Gathered closely together in a group.

Concentration

The spread of something over a given area.

data or variable scale

Equal interval, Equal frequency, Natural breaks, Percentage or Ratio vs Total Numbers

Density

the degree of compactness of a substance.

dispersed

distributed or spread over a considerable extent.

Distribution

The arrangement of something across Earth's surface.

Dot Distribution Map

A map where dots are used to demonstrate the frequency or intensity of a particular phenomena.

Example of formal region

Corn Belt.

Functional Region

An area organized around a node or focal point.

Geographic Infromation System (GIS)

A computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data.

Geographic Scale

The scale at which a geographer analyzes a particular phenomenon, for example: global, national, census tract, neighborhood, etc. Generally, the finer the scale of analysis, the richer the level of detail in the findings.

Globalization

the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale.

Global Grid System

1 degree =60 min
1 min=60 sec

Global Positioning System (GPS)

Satellite-based system for determining the absolute location of places or geographic features.

graduated symbol map

uses symbols of different sizes to indicate different amounts of something.

grid pattern

Also called a rectilinear pattern, reflects a rectangular system of land survey adopted in much of the country under the Ordinance of 1785. Streets form grids and are sometimes labeled "1st", "2nd", "3rd" streets and so on.

Hearth

The region from which innovative ideas originate.

Hierarchical Diffusion

the spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to other persons or places.

Human Environment Interaction

the study of the interrelationship between people and their physical environment.

Human Geography

One of the two major divisions of Geography the spatial analysis of human population, its cultures, activities, and landscapes.It examines how human activities shape and are shaped by the environment.

independent invention

a trait that many cultural hearths that develop independent of each other

Isoline Map

Map displaying lines that connect points of equal value, for example, a map showing elevation levels.

Landscape Analysis

the task of defining and describing landscapes.

land use

the ways in which people use a particular area of Earth's surface; for example, for farming, development, or preservation.

large-scale

A relatively small ratio between map units and ground units. Large-scale maps usually have higher resolution and cover much smaller regions than small-scale maps.

Latitude

distance north or south of the Equator, measured in degrees.

Location

the position that something occupies on Earth's surface.

Longitude

Distance east or west of the prime meridian, measured in degrees.

Mash Up Maps

practice of overlaying data from one source on top of one of the mapping services(ie google) to come up with a mix of both. ie. locate businesses near a particular street in a particular city.

Mental Maps

Maps in our minds of places we have been and places we have only heard of.

Movement

the mobility of people, goods, and ideas across the surface of the planet.

Networks

defined by Manuel Castells as a set of interconnected nodes without a center.

Node

Connection point in a network, where goods and ideas flow in, out, and through the network.

Pandemic

Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population.

pattern

The geometric or regular arrangement of something in a study area.

perception of place

Belief or "understanding" about a place developed through books, movies, stories or pictures.

perceptual region (vernacular region)

These are not as rigorously structured as formal and functional regions. It is where people believe they are part of some cultural identity.

Physical Geography

One of the two major divisions of systematic geography; the spatial analysis of the structure, processes, and location of Earth's natural phenomena such as climate, soil, plants, animals, and topography.

place

uniqueness of a location.

Possilbilism

A theory in geography that argues the environment may set certain constraints or limits, but human ingenuity can adapt and overcome those limitations.

relative location

where a place is located in relation to another place.

relocation diffusion

the spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another.

remote sensing

The acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or other long-distance methods.

Rescale

To take an idea or movement and reframe it in the context of a different scale. (jumping scale).

scale

the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole. Small number means large scale. Large number means small scale.

sense of place

State of mind derived through the infusion of a place with meaning and emotion by remembering important events that occurred in that place or by labeling a place with a certain character.

sequent occupance

the notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape.

site

The physical characteristics of a place.

Examples of site

climate, water sources, topography, soil, vegetation, latitude, and elevation.

situation

the location of a place relative to other places.

Examples of situation

situation of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia is roughly center of the Arabian Peninsula; situation of Arabian Peninsula is between the continents of Asia and Africa.

small scale map

Map showing a large area of land but not much detail.

Spatial Approach

the arrangement of the phenomena being studied across the surface of the earth.

Spatial Data

All of the information that can be tied to a specific locations.

spatial distribution

The arrangement of phenomenon across the Earth's surface.

spatial interaction

the movement of peoples, ideas, and commodities between different places.

Spatial Perspective

a way of looking at the human and physical patterns on Earth and their relationships to one another.

spatial scale

the different sized "containers" or ways to group places together to organize investigations into human activities.

Stimulus Diffusion

a form of diffusion in which a cultural adaptation is created as a result of the introduction of a cultural trait from another place.

terra incognita

unknown or unexplored territory.

thematic map

a map that shows a particular theme, or topic

time-distance decay

the idea that the farther away from its hearth a culture trait gets, the less likely it is to be adopted or have an impact.

time-space compression

the rapid innovation of communication and transportation technologies associated with globalization that transforms the way people think about space and time.

topographic map

a map that shows the surface features of Earth.

Toponym

place name.

Two main features of human behavior

culture and economy.

Two questions geographers ask

Where are things located? Why are they there?

spatial thinking

a way of thinking about space on Earth's surface, including where places are located and why they are there.

multinational corporation

a large business that operates in many countries.

Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)

the time in the zone encompassing the prime meridian, or 0 degrees longitude.

International Date Line

the line of longitude that marks where each new day begins, centered on the 180th meridian.

Isotherm

Line drawn on a weather map that connects points having equal temperature.

location theory

A logical attempt to explain the locational pattern of an economic activity and the manner in which its producing areas are interrelated.

Political Ecology

the study of the relationships between political, economic and social factors with environmental issues and changes.