Renal & Urologic Disorders Exam Practice

Vocabulary flashcards covering clinical definitions, types of proteinuria, incontinence classifications, and renal pathologies based on the Nurse Practitioner board review transcript.

Dysuria

A subjective pain complaint encompassing burning with urination, urinary frequency, hesitancy, urgency, and strangury (slow, painful urination).

Strangury

A characteristic of dysuria describing slow and painful urination.

Microscopic Hematuria

The presence of blood in the urine defined as $>3 RBCs/HPF$ on microscopic examination.

Gross Hematuria

Blood in the urine that is visible to the naked eye.

Isolated Hematuria

A clinical finding where blood is present on a urinalysis (UA) with no other associated symptoms, which may originate anywhere from the renal pelvis to the urethra.

Glomerular Proteinuria

The most common form of proteinuria, caused by abnormalities in the glomerular basement membrane that allow excessive protein filtration; requires nephrology referral.

Tubular Proteinuria

A type of proteinuria associated with tubulointerstitial disease, where damage to the proximal tubule impairs reabsorption of filtered proteins.

Overflow Proteinuria

A condition involving the overproduction of filterable plasma proteins, such as Bence-Jones proteins, associated with conditions like multiple myeloma and leukemia.

Bence-Jones Proteins

Filterable plasma proteins found in overflow proteinuria associated with multiple myeloma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, lymphocarcinoma, and leukemia.

Functional Proteinuria

A benign and transient form of proteinuria caused by acute illness, emotional stress, or excessive exercise that resolves with the precipitating condition.

Uncomplicated UTI

A urinary tract infection in a patient without structural abnormalities, typically treated with first-line agents like Nitrofurantoin (Macrobid) $100\,mg$ BID for $5-7$ days.

Complicated UTI

A category of urinary tract infection that includes all UTIs in male patients, requiring a minimum treatment duration of $7$ days.

Stress Incontinence

The involuntary leakage of urine during activities that increase intra-abdominal pressure, such as a cough, sneeze, or physical exertion.

Urge Incontinence (Detrusor Instability)

An inability to delay voiding characterized by large-volume leakage, often treated with anticholinergic medications like Detrol or Ditropan.

Overflow Incontinence

Incontinence characterized by hesitancy, dribbling, a decreased stream, and incomplete emptying, often caused by BPH or outlet obstruction.

Functional Incontinence

Urinary loss caused by external barriers to toileting, such as poor dexterity, delirium, fecal impaction, or limited mobility.

Pyelonephritis

A kidney infection involving the renal pelvis, tubules, or interstitium that may be acute or chronic.

WBC Casts

A diagnostic finding in a urinalysis that specifically indicates pyelonephritis rather than cystitis.

Staghorn Calculi

Large renal stones composed of struvite that are associated with urease-producing bacterial infections such as Proteus.

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

A progressive, often silent disease involving reduced kidney function, staged according to the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR).

GFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate)

A measure of kidney function used for CKD staging, where Stage 1 is $\ge90\,mL/min$ and Stage 5 (failure) is $<15\,mL/min$.

ESRD (End-Stage Renal Disease)

The final stage of kidney failure, occurring when GFR drops below $15\,mL/min$, requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT) such as dialysis or transplant.