AP Unit 5: Enlightenment, Revolutions, and the Industrial Age

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering the Enlightenment, global revolutions, unification movements, and the social and economic shifts of the Industrial Revolution as detailed in the Unit 5 reference sheet.

Enlightenment

New shifts in ideology emphasizing reason over tradition and individualism over community values.

John Locke

Argued people have natural rights to life, liberty, and pursuit of property, and can rebel against unjust governments via the social contract.

Thomas Hobbes

Argued life was bleak and harsh, so people gave up rights to a strong government for law and order via the social contract.

Baron Montesquieu

Individual who proposed the idea of checks and balances through the separation of branches of government.

Voltaire

An Enlightenment thinker whose ideas centered on religious liberty.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Proposed the idea of the General Will, suggesting that the government is obligated to follow the collective will of the people.

Adam Smith

Called for laissez-faire, meaning governments leave the economy alone, leading to capitalism.

Thomas Paine

Advocated for liberty from Britain and defended the belief in Deism.

Mary Wollstonecraft

Argued that females should receive the same education as males to achieve equality and the same rights.

American Revolution

A successful revolution where colonists, with French help, defeated the British in $1783$ to gain independence.

Creole Revolutions

Revolutions in South America led by those of European ancestry born in the Americas against Spanish rule, resulting in the independence of areas like Venezuela and Peru.

Simon Bolivar

A key leader in the Latin American revolutions who pushed for the goal of a unified Gran Colombia.

Caudillos

Strong local leaders in Latin America who often ignored the rule of law.

Haitian Revolution

An uprising of slaves and Maroons against masters leading to independence from France; the first country in Latin America to win independence.

Toussaint L’Ouverture

Leader for the Haitian Revolution who created a constitution granting equality before being captured by France.

Propaganda Movement

A movement in the Philippines during the $19^{th}$ century that used magazines and pamphlets to advocate for independence from Spain.

French Revolution

A conflict sparked by economic issues and lack of political representation for the Third Estate, leading to the execution of the king and the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte.

Reign of Terror

A period during the French Revolution when the government executed thousands of people who opposed the revolution.

New Zealand Wars

Wars between the British and the Maori tribes following the British annexation of New Zealand in $1840$. Missions ended in Maori defeat in $1872$.

Realpolitik

The practical politics of reality, used by leaders like Count di Cavour and Otto von Bismarck to achieve national unification.

Ottomanism

A movement aimed at creating a modern, unified Ottoman state by minimizing ethnic, linguistic, and religious differences.

Abolitionism

The movement to end the Atlantic slave trade and free all enslaved people.

Capitalism

An economic system where the means of production are privately owned and operated for profit.

Conservatism

A belief in traditional institutions that favors practical experience over theories.

Deism

The belief that a divine being set natural laws into motion, implying humans have free will and can understand these laws through scientific study.

Empiricism

The theory that knowledge comes from sensory observation and experiments rather than faith or religion alone.

Nationalism

A feeling of intense loyalty to others who share the same language or culture, often leading to the desire for an independent nation.

Socialism

A system where the means of production are owned by the public or the workers.

Zionism

The desire of Jews to reestablish an independent homeland in the Middle East as a way to be safe against persecution.

First Industrial Revolution

A period in the $18^{th}$ and early $19^{th}$ centuries characterized by developments in textiles, steam power, and iron.

Second Industrial Revolution

A period in the late $19^{th}$ and early $20^{th}$ centuries characterized by steel, chemicals, precision machinery, and electronics.

Spinning Jenny

Invented by James Hargreaves in the $1760s$, this device helped weavers spin faster.

Water Frame

Invented by Richard Arkwright in $1769$, it used waterpower to drive a spinning wheel and led to the factory system.

Interchangeable Parts

Invented by Eli Whitney in $1798$, this allowed components of machines to be replaced easily and led to the factory assembly line.

Enclosure Movement

A movement in Britain where the government fenced off common lands, forcing a migrating population from rural to urban areas.

Defensive Modernization

The process by which Japan adapted Western technology while protecting its own culture, beginning in the mid-$19^{th}$ century.

Bessemer Process

A method introduced in $1856$ that allowed for the mass production of steel.

Muhammad Ali

Regarded as the first modern ruler of Egypt, he enacted reforms in the military and education and established state-sponsored industrialization.

Cult of Domesticity

The idealized view that a woman's place was at home, which became a status symbol for the middle class.

Transnational Companies

Companies that operate across national boundaries, such as the Unilever Corporation or De Beers Diamonds.

Meiji Restoration

The event in $1868$ where Japan overthrew the shogun and restored power to the emperor to begin Western-style reforms.

Labor Unions

Organizations of workers that advocate for rights such as better pay, shorter hours, and safer working conditions.

Utilitarianism

A philosophy advocated by John Stuart Mill seeking the greatest good for the greatest number of people through legal reforms.

Karl Marx

A German scholar who argued that capitalism divided society into the proletariat and bourgeoisie, advocating for a system with no class distinctions.

Tanzimat Reforms

Reorganization in the Ottoman Empire to fix corruption, expand education, and create new legal codes.

Self-Strengthening Movement

A late $19^{th}$ century Chinese reform effort aimed at modernization and the elimination of corruption.