RAP: Ch 2 general anatomy + planes/sections

sagittal planes

divides body into right and left segments (midsagittal= equal right and left halves)

coronal plane

divides body anterior and posterior parts (midcoronal)

horizontal plane (transverse, axial, cross-sectional)

superior and inferior parts

oblique plane

pass thru body at any angle between other planes

what are oblique planes used for?

organs that sit at angles: heart, shoulder

whats in the thoracic cavity

pleural membranes

lungs

trachea

esophagus

pericardium

heart and great vessels

whats in abdominal cavity

peritoneum

liver

gall bladder

pancreas

spleen

stomach

intestines

kidneys

ureters

major blood vessels

whats in pelvic cavity

rectum

urinary bladder

part of reproductive system

quadrants of abdomen

RUQ, RLQ, LUQ, LLQ

what do surface landmarks help with?

tells us what’s underneath that we can’t see

Pubic symphysis guide from jugular notch and height

<5 ft: 21 in

5-6 ft: 22 in

>6 ft: 24 in

whats body habitus

variations in shape of human body determined by size, shape, and position of organs of cavities

what organs are affected by the body habitus?

heart, lungs, diaphragm, stomach, colon, gallbladder

What’s the average types of body habitus?

Sthenic and hyposthenic

what does axial skeleton do

supports and protects head and trunk

what does appendicular skeleton do

aids in movement

features of compact bone

strong, dense outer layer

features of spongey bone

inner, less dense layer; has trabeculae with red and yellow marrow

whats the medullary cavity bone feature

central cavity of long bones; trabeculae with yellow marrow; red marrow in ends

periosteum feature of bone

tough, fibrous connective issue that covers bone besides ends

whats endosteum bone feature

lines marrow cavity

whats ossification and when does it occur

development and formation of bones, at second month of embryonic life

whats primary ossification

before birth and forms long shaft in long bones

whats secondary ossification

after birth when separate bones develop at both ends (epiphyses) of long bones

what are long bones

body and two enlarged ends

ex: femur and humerus

what are short bones

have cancellous bone with thin outer layer of compact bone

ex: carpal bones

what are flat bones

have two plates of compact bone and middle diploe bone

ex: sternum and cranium

what are irregular bones

peculiarly shaped

ex: vertebrae, facial bones

whats sesamoid bones

small and oval, by tendons and protect them

ex: patella

3 functional mobilities of joints

synarthroses= immovable

amphiarthroses= slightly

diarthroses= freely

structural groups of joints based on connective tissue

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial (freely moveable)

fibrous joints & types

immoveable/slightly, strongest (syndemosis, suture, gomphomis)

cartilaginous joints

no joint cavity, immovable (symphysis, synchondrosis)

synovial joints and types

freely moveable with soft tissues- 6 types

gliding joint

simplest synovial

ex: intercarpal and intercarpal joints

hinge joint

flexion and extension

ex: elbow and knee

pivot joint

rotation around single axis

ex: C1-C2 joint for head/neck

ellipsoid joint

flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction

ex: radiocarpal (wrist) joint

saddle joint

similar to ellipsoid

ex: carpometacarpal joint

ball and socket joint

widest range motion

ex: hip and shoulder

processes/ projections

project out of from main body of bone

projection type: condyle

rounded process with articular end

projection type:coracoid/coronoid

crown/beak like process

projection type:crest

ridge like process

projection type:epicondyle

projection above a condyle

projection type:facet

smooth articular process

projection type:hamulus

hook-shaped

projection type:head

end of long bone

projection type:line

linear elevation

projection type:malleolus

club-shaped (ankles)

projection type:protuberance

projecting outward

projection type:spine

sharp process

projection type:styloid

long, pointed process

projection type:trochanter

femur large rounded processes

projection type:tubercle

small rounded elevated process

projection type:tuberosity

large rounded elevated process

depression type: fissure

deep groove

depression type:foramen

holes

depression type:fossa

hollow space

depression type:groove

shallow linear channel

depression type: meatus

tubelike pathway

depression type: notch

indentation in border of bone

depression type: sinus

cavity

depression type: sulcus

trench (brain tissue)

what terms used to describe fractures

closed, open, nondisplaced, displaced

fracture classifications

compression

compound (open)

comminuted

greenstick

impacted

transverse

spiral/oblique

simple