Economic History Revision

A set of 100 flashcards focusing on key vocabulary related to economic history and the events during and after the French Revolution.

Thermidorian Convention

Period from July 1794 to October 1795 marked by the fall of Robespierre and the end of the Reign of Terror.

Reign of Terror

Period during the French Revolution characterized by extreme political repression and mass executions.

Coup d'État of 18 Fructidor

Event in 1797 where royalists were purged from the government in France.

Directoire

Period of French history from 1795 to 1799 characterized by government instability and economic crisis.

Assignat

Paper money issued by revolutionary France that became subject to severe inflation.

Hyperinflation

Rapid and excessive price increases, often in the context of a loss of currency value.

Constitution of the Year III

Constitution adopted on August 22, 1795, ending the National Convention.

Crises économiques

Economic crises that characterized the late 18th and early 19th centuries, including in revolutionary France.

Loi de levée en masse

Law passed on August 23, 1793, ordering the mass conscription of soldiers in France.

Émeutes des sans-culottes

Popular uprisings in France primarily involving the working class during the Revolution.

Nationalisation des biens du clergé

Confiscation of church properties by the revolutionary government in 1789 to address national debts.

Crise financière

A significant state of insolvency reflected in the inability to manage public finance.

Assemblee nationale

The revolutionary assembly formed by the representatives of the Third Estate.

Déclaration de la « Patrie en danger »

Proclamation made on July 11, 1792, signaling a state of emergency in France.

Traités de paix

Peace treaties signed by France to end conflicts with neighboring countries.

Guerres révolutionnaires

Military conflicts involving France that started in 1792 following the Revolution.

Jacobin

A member of a radical political group during the French Revolution advocating for republican ideals.

Montagnard

Radical faction within the National Convention that supported more extreme measures during the Revolution.

Crise de Neerwinden

A military defeat of the French Revolutionary Army on March 18, 1793.

Taux d'endettement

The ratio of a government's total debt to its gross domestic product (GDP).

Dons patriotiques

Patriotic gifts to the Assembly, often in the form of jewelry or goods, as a sign of economic relief.

Constitution de l'an IV

Constitution that established the Directory after the fall of the Thermidorian regime.

Économie morale

Concept related to the ethical considerations of economic practices, especially during times of crisis.

Lutte contre l’inflation

Efforts undertaken by the government to control rising prices and stabilize the economy.

Mise en place d'une banque nationale

Proposal to establish a national bank to manage revolutionary finances.

Répression des royalistes

The suppression and elimination of royalist sympathizers during the revolution.

Assignats de faible valeur

Low-denomination paper money that became part of the circulatory system during the revolution.

Système de récupération de la dette

Strategies implemented to manage and repay national debts throughout the Revolutionary period.

Économie de guerre

Economic management focused primarily on supporting military efforts during wartime.

Empreurs de guerre

Financial structure set up to finance military campaigns, particularly during the Revolution.

Mesures fiscales

Fiscal policies implemented to generate revenue for the state, often amid economic chaos.

Infrastructure politique

The underlying frameworks and systems supporting governance, especially in revolutionary contexts.

Tensions politiques

Conflicts and disagreements within the political landscape, particularly in revolutionary France.

Coup d'État de Bonaparte

The coup on November 9, 1799, that ended the Directory and marked the rise of Napoleon.

Émeutes populaires

Mass protests or riots stemming from grievances regarding economic conditions or political policies.

Bilan économique du Directoire

An assessment of the economic performance and challenges during the Directorial period.

Principes égalitaires

Concepts advocating equal rights and opportunities within the revolutionary society.

Réformes financières de Necker

Attempted reforms by finance minister Jacques Necker to address France's economic issues in the late 18th century.

Conscription

Mandatory enlistment for military service, particularly implemented during revolutionary wartime.

Économie frumentaire

The economic conditions affecting grain production and availability critical during the Revolution.

Loi de finance de 1797

Legislation that allowed for the restructuring and possibly reduction of debt interest to improve fiscal responsibility.

Difficultés économiques persistantes

Continuing financial challenges experienced by the government as a result of wartime expenditures and internal strife.

Inflation galopante

Rapid inflation that severely impacts currency value and purchasing power.

Dépouillement de biens

Confiscation of properties, typically from the clergy or nobles, as part of revolutionary policies.

Politique de réquisition

A policy for seizing goods or services during emergencies, particularly for military purposes.

Législation sur l'impôt sur le revenu

Tax laws imposed to generate revenue, particularly during periods of financial strain in Britain.

Esthétique révolutionnaire

Artistic styles and expressions that emerged in response to revolutionary sentiments and events.

Progrès technologique

Advancements in technology that altered production practices and economic interactions.

Anneau de vérités

A form of social critique during the revolution that reflected on economic struggles and societal issues.

Pénurie des ressources

Shortages of essential goods or materials resulting from conflict and mismanagement.

Financement de l'armée

Strategies for raising funds to support military endeavors during the revolutionary wars.

Crisis structure

Framework used to analyze the causes and consequences of financial uncertainties.

Stabilisation de l’assignat

Efforts to restore confidence in the assignat and its value amidst soaring inflation.

Monnaie de cloche

Currency produced from repurposed church bells to alleviate currency shortages during the revolution.

Etat des finances publiques

Current conditions and management of public finances, particularly in a revolutionary context.

Attitude envers la dette

Public and governmental perspectives on managing national debt throughout different regimes.

Agitation sociale

Public disorder resulting from widespread discontent, often in times of economic hardship.

Bilan de la Révolution

Comprehensive evaluation of the political, social, and economic impacts following the revolutionary period.

Prescription de la TERREUR

Philosophical justification for extreme measures taken against perceived threats during the Revolution.

Contributions massives

Large-scale levies imposed by the government to fund operations or military campaigns.

Liquidation des biens nationaux

The process of selling off assets owned by the state to raise funds, especially during crises.

Changement climatique

Environmental shifts that were increasingly recognized during the revolutionary period.

Encadrement des emprunts d'État

Regulations governing state borrowing practices, often aimed at improving financial conditions.

Accaparement de biens

Seizure or hoarding of goods, especially during times of economic distress or war.

État de la guerre

Conditions and policies governing military engagements during the revolutionary era.

Ressources naturelles

Natural commodities utilized or exploited during the revolutionary transformation.

Encyclopédistes

Philosophers and writers of the 18th century who influenced revolutionary thought and ideals.

Réformes agraires

Land reforms enacted to redistribute land and change property rights, particularly in the wake of the Revolution.

Territorial expansion

The process by which revolutionary France sought to expand its influence and territory during wartime.

Agriculture en crise

Difficult economic conditions affecting farming and crop production during the late 18th century.

Réponses politiques

Governmental actions taken to address the various crises faced during the revolutionary period.

Crisis de subsistance

A state of emergency concerning food production and availability, causing widespread famine.

Moyens de transport

Infrastructure and transportation networks critical for commerce during the revolutionary period.

Bibliographie sur la Révolution

Selected texts and resources that provide in-depth analysis of the revolutionary events.

Mobilisation populaire

The act of rallying public support for revolutionary causes or military efforts.

Réforme fiscale

Changes to the tax system aimed at generating revenue and improving state finances.

Inégalités socio-économiques

Disparities in wealth and opportunities prevalent before and during the revolution.