What is the **fundamental building block** of matter composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons?
atom
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2
What is a **group** of 2 or more atoms held together by chemical bonds?
molecule
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3
What **term** describes the ability of an atom to attract electrons?
electronegativity
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4
Which **chemical bond** involves the transfer of electrons from atom to atom where both atoms have different electronegativities?
ionic
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5
Which **chemical bond** involves electrons shared between atoms of similar electronegativities?
covalent
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6
What **number** of covalent bonds can form between two atoms?
1 (single), 2 (double), 3 (triple)
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7
Which **covalent** **bond** involves equal sharing of
electrons between two atoms of identical electronegativity?
non-polar
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8
Which **covalent bond** involves unequal sharing of electrons
between two atoms of different electronegativities?
polar (note: leads to the formation of a dipole)
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9
Which **chemical bond** involves a weak bond between molecules with a hydrogen attached to a highly electronegative atom and is attracted to a negative charge on another molecule (F, O, or N)?
hydrogen bond
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10
Which **property of water** describes its ability to dissolve substances with its dipole?
excellent solvent
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11
Which **property of water** describes its ability to absorb a large amount of energy before changing temperature?
high heat capacity
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12
Which **property of water** describes its expansion upon freezing to become less dense than its liquid form?
ice floats (note: H-bonds are maximum distance apart)
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13
Which **property of water** describes its attraction to like substances and itself?
cohesion/surface tension (note: attracted to other substances with H-bonds, including itself)
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14
Which **property of water** describes its attraction to unlike substances?
adhesion
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15
What are **molecules** composed of carbon atoms?
organic molecules
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16
What is the **simplest unit** of a macromolecule?
monomer (1 unit)
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17
What is the **term** for the linking of monomers?
polymer
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18
What are **particular clusters** of atoms that give organic molecules their key properties?
functional groups
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19
What is the **chemical formula** for the hydroxyl functional group?
OH (note: polar and hydrophilic)
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20
What is the **chemical formula** for the carboxyl functional group?
COOH (note: polar, hydrophilic, and weak acid)
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21
What is the **chemical formula** for the amino functional group?
NH2 (note: polar, hydrophilic, and weak base)
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22
What is the **chemical formula** for the phosphate functional group?
(PO4)3- (note: polar, hydrophilic, acid)
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23
What is the **chemical formula** for the carbonyl functional group?
C=O (note: polar and hydrophilic)
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24
What is the **chemical formula** for the aldehyde functional group?
H-C=O
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25
What is the **chemical formula** for the ketone functional group?
R-C=O
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26
What is the **chemical formula** for the methyl functional group?
CH3
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27
What is the **term** for a single sugar molecule?
monosaccharide (ex: glucose or fructose)
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28
What **structural component** differentiates a monosaccharide as alpha or beta?
1\. anomeric carbon -OH down = alpha
2\. anomeric carbon -OH up = beta
(note: to remember, think **a**lpha means **away**)
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29
What is a **two**-**sugar** **molecule** joined by a glycosidic linkage?
disaccharide (note: sucrose, lactose, and maltose)
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30
What is a **series** of connected monosaccharides?
polysaccharide
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31
By what **mechanism** do polymers bonds form?
dehydration synthesis
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32
By what **mechanism** do polymers bonds break?
hydrolysis
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33
Which **monomers** compose sucrose?
glucose + fructose
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34
Which **monomers** compose lactose?
glucose + galactose
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35
Which **monomers** compose maltose?
glucose + glucose
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36
What is a **polymer** of alpha-glucose molecules; store energy in plant cells?
starch
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37
What is a **polymer** of alpha-glucose molecules; store energy in animal cells?
glycogen
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38
What is a **polymer** of beta-glucose; structural molecules for walls of plant cells and wood
cellulose
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39
What is a **polymer** similar to cellulose, except each beta-glucose group has a nitrogen-containing group (n-acetylglucosamine) attached to the ring?
chitin
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40
What are **hydrophobic** **molecules** that function in insulation, energy storage?
lipids
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41
What are **lipids** consisting of three fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol backbone?
triglycerides
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42
Which **triglyceride** contains no double bonds and has straight chains?
saturated
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43
Which **triglyceride** contains double bonds that cause kinks in chains?
unsaturated
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44
What are **lipids** comprised of two fatty acids and a phosphate group (+R) attached to a glycerol backbone?
phospholipids
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45
What is the **term** for a phospholipid exhibiting both hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties?
amphipathic
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46
Which **lipid derivates** contain three 6 membered rings and one 5 membered ring?
steroids
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47
Which **lipid derivatives** are esters of fatty acids and monohydroxylic alcohols, used as protective coating or exoskeletons (lanolin)?
waxes
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48
Which **lipid derivatives** are fatty acid carbon chains with conjugated double bonds and six-membered C-rings at each end?
carotenoids
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49
Which **lipid derivatives** are a 4-joined pyrrole ring that often complexes with a metal?
porphyrins
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50
Which **lipid derivatives** are specialized fat cells?
adipocytes
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51
Which **adipocyte** is composed primarily of triglycerides with a small layer of cytoplasm around it?
white fat cell
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52
Which **adipocyte** has considerable cytoplasm, lipid droplets scattered throughout, and lots of mitochondria?
brown fat cell
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53
Which **lipid derivatives** are similar to phospholipids but have a carbohydrate group instead of a phosphate group?
glycolipids
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54
Which **lipid derivatives** contain lipid cores surrounded by phospholipids and apolipoproteins to transport fats in the blood?
lipoproteins
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55
What **membrane components** might cells modify to maintain their cell membrane's fluidity?
fatty acids
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56
In cold weather, what **naturally** happens to cell membranes?
become rigid
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57
In warm weather, what **naturally** happens to cell membranes?
become more fluid
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58
In cold weather, how does a cell **compensate** to prevent cell membrane rigidity?
incorporate cholestrol and mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids into the membrane
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59
In warm weather, how does a cell **compensate** to prevent cell membrane collapse?
incorporate cholestrol into the membrane
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60
What are **polymers** of amino acids joined by peptide bonds?
proteins
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61
Casein in milk, ovalbumin in egg whites, and zein in corn seeds are examples of which type of **proteins**?
storage proteins
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62
hemoglobin and cytochromes are examples of which type of **proteins**?
transport proteins
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63
Which **proteins** catalyze reactions in both forward and reverse directions based on the substrate concentration?
enzymes
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64
How does an enzyme **change** the spontaneity of a reaction?
they do not (note: they only change the rate at which the reaction occurs, not its equilibrium point)
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65
By what **factors** is enzyme efficiency determined?
temperature and pH
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66
Amylase catalyzes the breaking of which **bonds** in starch?
alpha-glycosidic
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67
What are **non**-**protein** **molecules** that assist enzymes?
cofactors
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68
What is an **enzyme** called that is not combined with its cofactor?
apoenzyme/apoprotein
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69
What is an **enzyme** called that is combined with its cofactor?
holoenzyme
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70
What is a cofactor that is organic?
coenzyme
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71
What is a cofactor that is covalently bound to irs enzyme
prosthetic group
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72
What is the **classification** of proteins that are formed entirely of amino acids?
simple
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73
What is the **classification** of functional proteins that act as carriers or enzymes?
albumins and globulins
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74
What is the **classification** of fibrous proteins that have
structural function (ex: collagen)?
scleroproteins
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75
What is the **classification** of a simple protein and a non-protein?
conjugated
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76
What is the **classification** of a simple protein and a non-protein?
lipoprotein
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77
What is the **classification** of a protein bound to a
carbohydrate?
mucoprotein
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78
What is the **classification** of a protein bound to a pigmented molecule?
chromoprotein
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79
What is the **classification** of a protein complexed
around a metal ion?
metalloprotein
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80
What is the **classification** of a protein that contains histone or
protamine, bound to nucleic acid?
nucleoprotein
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81
Which **protein structure** involves the sequence of amino acids connected by peptide bonds?
primary
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82
Which **protein structure** involves the 3D shape resulting from hydrogen bonding between amino and carboxyl groups of adjacent amino acids?
secondary
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83
Which **protein structure** involves the 3D structure that forms due to non-covalent interactions between amino acid R groups (subunit interaction)?
tertiary
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84
What are the **non-covalent** **interactions** found in tertiary structure?
1\. H-bonds \n 2. ionic bonds \n 3. hydrophobic effect \n 4. disulfide bonds \n 5. Van Der Waals forces
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85
Which **protein structure** involves the 3D shape of a protein that is a grouping of two or more separate peptide chains?
quaternary structure
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86
Which **proteins** are somewhat water-soluble, dominated by tertiary structure, and have a diverse range of functions?
globular proteins
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87
What are the functions of globular proteins?
1\. enzymatic \n 2. hormonal \n 3. inter/intracellular storage and transport \n 4. osmotic regulation \n 5. immune response
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88
Which **proteins** are not water soluble, dominated by secondary structure, are long polymers, and add strength to cells?
fibrous/structural proteins
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89
Which **proteins** function as membrane pumps, channels, or receptors?
membrane proteins
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90
What **process** can occur when proteins are taken out of their ideal temperature, pH range, or solvent?
denaturation
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91
What happens to the **structure** of the protein following denaturation?
reversed back to primary structure
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92
Is protein denaturation **permanent**?
usually irreversible, but in some cases, it can be reversed with the removal or the denaturing agent
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93
What are **monomers** that make up nucleic acids?
nucleotides
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94
What are the **components** of nucleotides?
nitrogenous base
five carbon deoxyribose sugar
phosphate group
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95
What is a **nitrogen-containing** **compound** that makes up a nucleotide?
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