Ch. 1 (Cell & Molecular Biology)

What is the **fundamental building block** of matter composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons?

atom

What is a **group** of 2 or more atoms held together by chemical bonds?

molecule

What **term** describes the ability of an atom to attract electrons?

electronegativity

Which **chemical bond** involves the transfer of electrons from atom to atom where both atoms have different electronegativities?

ionic

Which **chemical bond** involves electrons shared between atoms of similar electronegativities?

covalent

What **number** of covalent bonds can form between two atoms?

1 (single), 2 (double), 3 (triple)

Which **covalent** **bond** involves equal sharing of

electrons between two atoms of identical electronegativity?

non-polar

Which **covalent bond** involves unequal sharing of electrons

between two atoms of different electronegativities?

polar (note: leads to the formation of a dipole)

Which **chemical bond** involves a weak bond between molecules with a hydrogen attached to a highly electronegative atom and is attracted to a negative charge on another molecule (F, O, or N)?

hydrogen bond

Which **property of water** describes its ability to dissolve substances with its dipole?

excellent solvent

Which **property of water** describes its ability to absorb a large amount of energy before changing temperature?

high heat capacity

Which **property of water** describes its expansion upon freezing to become less dense than its liquid form?

ice floats (note: H-bonds are maximum distance apart)

Which **property of water** describes its attraction to like substances and itself?

cohesion/surface tension (note: attracted to other substances with H-bonds, including itself)

Which **property of water** describes its attraction to unlike substances?

adhesion

What are **molecules** composed of carbon atoms?

organic molecules

What is the **simplest unit** of a macromolecule?

monomer (1 unit)

What is the **term** for the linking of monomers?

polymer

What are **particular clusters** of atoms that give organic molecules their key properties?

functional groups

What is the **chemical formula** for the hydroxyl functional group?

OH (note: polar and hydrophilic)

What is the **chemical formula** for the carboxyl functional group?

COOH (note: polar, hydrophilic, and weak acid)

What is the **chemical formula** for the amino functional group?

NH2 (note: polar, hydrophilic, and weak base)

What is the **chemical formula** for the phosphate functional group?

(PO4)3- (note: polar, hydrophilic, acid)

What is the **chemical formula** for the carbonyl functional group?

C=O (note: polar and hydrophilic)

What is the **chemical formula** for the aldehyde functional group?

H-C=O

What is the **chemical formula** for the ketone functional group?

R-C=O

What is the **chemical formula** for the methyl functional group?

CH3

What is the **term** for a single sugar molecule?

monosaccharide (ex: glucose or fructose)

What **structural component** differentiates a monosaccharide as alpha or beta?

1\. anomeric carbon -OH down = alpha

2\. anomeric carbon -OH up = beta

(note: to remember, think **a**lpha means **away**)

What is a **two**-**sugar** **molecule** joined by a glycosidic linkage?

disaccharide (note: sucrose, lactose, and maltose)

What is a **series** of connected monosaccharides?

polysaccharide

By what **mechanism** do polymers bonds form?

dehydration synthesis

By what **mechanism** do polymers bonds break?

hydrolysis

Which **monomers** compose sucrose?

glucose + fructose

Which **monomers** compose lactose?

glucose + galactose

Which **monomers** compose maltose?

glucose + glucose

What is a **polymer** of alpha-glucose molecules; store energy in plant cells?

starch

What is a **polymer** of alpha-glucose molecules; store energy in animal cells?

glycogen

What is a **polymer** of beta-glucose; structural molecules for walls of plant cells and wood

cellulose

What is a **polymer** similar to cellulose, except each beta-glucose group has a nitrogen-containing group (n-acetylglucosamine) attached to the ring?

chitin

What are **hydrophobic** **molecules** that function in insulation, energy storage?

lipids

What are **lipids** consisting of three fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol backbone?

triglycerides

Which **triglyceride** contains no double bonds and has straight chains?

saturated

Which **triglyceride** contains double bonds that cause kinks in chains?

unsaturated

What are **lipids** comprised of two fatty acids and a phosphate group (+R) attached to a glycerol backbone?

phospholipids

What is the **term** for a phospholipid exhibiting both hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties?

amphipathic

Which **lipid derivates** contain three 6 membered rings and one 5 membered ring?

steroids

Which **lipid derivatives** are esters of fatty acids and monohydroxylic alcohols, used as protective coating or exoskeletons (lanolin)?

waxes

Which **lipid derivatives** are fatty acid carbon chains with conjugated double bonds and six-membered C-rings at each end?

carotenoids

Which **lipid derivatives** are a 4-joined pyrrole ring that often complexes with a metal?

porphyrins

Which **lipid derivatives** are specialized fat cells?

adipocytes

Which **adipocyte** is composed primarily of triglycerides with a small layer of cytoplasm around it?

white fat cell

Which **adipocyte** has considerable cytoplasm, lipid droplets scattered throughout, and lots of mitochondria?

brown fat cell

Which **lipid derivatives** are similar to phospholipids but have a carbohydrate group instead of a phosphate group?

glycolipids

Which **lipid derivatives** contain lipid cores surrounded by phospholipids and apolipoproteins to transport fats in the blood?

lipoproteins

What **membrane components** might cells modify to maintain their cell membrane's fluidity?

fatty acids

In cold weather, what **naturally** happens to cell membranes?

become rigid

In warm weather, what **naturally** happens to cell membranes?

become more fluid

In cold weather, how does a cell **compensate** to prevent cell membrane rigidity?

incorporate cholestrol and mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids into the membrane

In warm weather, how does a cell **compensate** to prevent cell membrane collapse?

incorporate cholestrol into the membrane

What are **polymers** of amino acids joined by peptide bonds?

proteins

Casein in milk, ovalbumin in egg whites, and zein in corn seeds are examples of which type of **proteins**?

storage proteins

hemoglobin and cytochromes are examples of which type of **proteins**?

transport proteins

Which **proteins** catalyze reactions in both forward and reverse directions based on the substrate concentration?

enzymes

How does an enzyme **change** the spontaneity of a reaction?

they do not (note: they only change the rate at which the reaction occurs, not its equilibrium point)

By what **factors** is enzyme efficiency determined?

temperature and pH

Amylase catalyzes the breaking of which **bonds** in starch?

alpha-glycosidic

What are **non**-**protein** **molecules** that assist enzymes?

cofactors

What is an **enzyme** called that is not combined with its cofactor?

apoenzyme/apoprotein

What is an **enzyme** called that is combined with its cofactor?

holoenzyme

What is a cofactor that is organic?

coenzyme

What is a cofactor that is covalently bound to irs enzyme

prosthetic group

What is the **classification** of proteins that are formed entirely of amino acids?

simple

What is the **classification** of functional proteins that act as carriers or enzymes?

albumins and globulins

What is the **classification** of fibrous proteins that have

structural function (ex: collagen)?

scleroproteins

What is the **classification** of a simple protein and a non-protein?

conjugated

What is the **classification** of a simple protein and a non-protein?

lipoprotein

What is the **classification** of a protein bound to a

carbohydrate?

mucoprotein

What is the **classification** of a protein bound to a pigmented molecule?

chromoprotein

What is the **classification** of a protein complexed

around a metal ion?

metalloprotein

What is the **classification** of a protein that contains histone or

protamine, bound to nucleic acid?

nucleoprotein

Which **protein structure** involves the sequence of amino acids connected by peptide bonds?

primary

Which **protein structure** involves the 3D shape resulting from hydrogen bonding between amino and carboxyl groups of adjacent amino acids?

secondary

Which **protein structure** involves the 3D structure that forms due to non-covalent interactions between amino acid R groups (subunit interaction)?

tertiary

What are the **non-covalent** **interactions** found in tertiary structure?

1\. H-bonds \n 2. ionic bonds \n 3. hydrophobic effect \n 4. disulfide bonds \n 5. Van Der Waals forces

Which **protein structure** involves the 3D shape of a protein that is a grouping of two or more separate peptide chains?

quaternary structure

Which **proteins** are somewhat water-soluble, dominated by tertiary structure, and have a diverse range of functions?

globular proteins

What are the functions of globular proteins?

1\. enzymatic \n 2. hormonal \n 3. inter/intracellular storage and transport \n 4. osmotic regulation \n 5. immune response

Which **proteins** are not water soluble, dominated by secondary structure, are long polymers, and add strength to cells?

fibrous/structural proteins

Which **proteins** function as membrane pumps, channels, or receptors?

membrane proteins

What **process** can occur when proteins are taken out of their ideal temperature, pH range, or solvent?

denaturation

What happens to the **structure** of the protein following denaturation?

reversed back to primary structure

Is protein denaturation **permanent**?

usually irreversible, but in some cases, it can be reversed with the removal or the denaturing agent

What are **monomers** that make up nucleic acids?

nucleotides

What are the **components** of nucleotides?

1. nitrogenous base
2. five carbon deoxyribose sugar


1. phosphate group

What is a **nitrogen-containing** **compound** that makes up a nucleotide?

nitrogenous base

What are the **nitrogenous bases** found in DNA?

1\. adenine (A) \n 2. thymine (T) \n 3. cytosine (C) \n 4. guanine (G)

How many **hydrogen bonds** connect A and T?

2

How many **hydrogen bonds** connect C and G?

3

What are the **nitrogenous** **bases** found in RNA?

1\. adenine (A) \n 2. uracil (U) \n 3. cytosine (C) \n 4. guanine (G)

How many **hydrogen bonds** connect A and U?

2