philosophers memorized

philosopher’s project

what each philosopher wants to find out

natural philosophers

earliest greek philosphers

thales

natural philosopher

water is the substance

anaximander (boundless)

natural philospher

worlds came from and dissolve into boundless

created = finite

before/after creation = infinite/boundless

anaximenes

air/vapor was root of change

eleatics

how something changed into something else

parmenides (eleatic)

eleatic

sensory perception = unreliable

nothing can change

heraclitus (eleatic)

sensory perception = reliable

everything can change

empedocles (all of ittt)

sensory perceptions = reliable

4 elements (air, fire, earth, water) that assemble or dissemble into things (natural processes)

• assemble by love

• dissemble by strife

anaxagoras (really random one….farm-related)

eveyrthing made of infinite tiny particles called seeds

democritus (nothing, very important as he was the end of something)

atom theory

• eveyrthing made of atoms, small immutable uncuttable things

• atoms are eternal but the things that they create are not

• sense things by movement of atoms

materialist

NOTHING CAN COME FROM NOTHING

marked end of greek philosophy

best known greek historians

• herodotus

• thucydides

great classical philosophers

socrates

plato

aristotle

socrates (father of somethign)

father of western philosophy

questioned everything

never wrote anything down

socrates quote?

“man is the measure of all things”

depending on your needs, the morals change

plato (plate of strawberries, different worlds, what came first, govt, women)

student of socrates + wrote down socrates ideas

all things have a form (ideal version of something)

• perfect strawberry vs weird-looking strawberry

world of senses

• knowledge gained by using senses

• everything flows

world of ideas

• knowledge gained by using reasoning

• everything eternal + immutable

idea of something → appearance of something

govt = should be ran by philosophers

women = men

aristotle (opp of plato, really down to earth, special rule, what came first, govt, women)

student of plato

no forms separate from real world

only reality was the natural world

appearance of something → idea of something

golden mean = do everything in moderation

govt

1. monarchy

2. aristocracy

3. democracy

women incomplete w/o men

sophists

taught for knowledge

skeptics (ppl can make up answers but cannot truly find the real answers!)

agnostic

cannot decide if god exists or not

cynics

rid of anything that prevents you from happiness

• material. hygiene, family

PERFECT VIRTUES

by anisthenes (student of socrates)

• best known cynic = diogenes (student of anisthenes)

stoics

everything happens for a reason so dont care about nothing too much

by zero (also a part of the cynics)

epicureans

do everything for pleasure, YOLOOO

by aristippus (student of socrates)

indo-europeans vs semites

indo-europeans

• indo-european speaking places

• cyclic view of history (no end, reincarnation)

• sight!!

• buddhism, hinduism

semites

• arabian peninsula

• linear view of history (god started, will end it)

• hearing

• judaism, islam, christianity

plotinus

neoplatonism

• two poles of universe: god (the one) and darkness

mysticism

becoming one with god

western mysticism = personal convos

• judaism, christianity, islam

eastern mysticism = total fusion

• buddhism, hinduism

aquinas

most important philosopher in middle ages

combined science with religion (god is the source of all reasoning and faith)

middle ages (before, after)

after fall of western roman empire

1000 years!! feudalism, less science, schools, christianity

led to renaissance

renaissance (cause, feudalism, separation)

caused by compass, firearms, printing press

rebirth of arts, cultural development

feudalism broke down with rise of middle class

science, philosophy, religion broke apart

humanism + renaissance man

recognizing worth of humans and working on educating them

renaissance man = know all aspects of life

pantheism

universe + god = one

• everything is basically divine

reformation + martin luther

challenging the corrupt catholic church

martin luther

• 95 theses

• attacked the corruption and selling of indulgences

led to formation of protestantism

what came after renaissance and reformation

baroque period

baroque period + philosophers

european arts, architecture, music

very dramatic, detailed

modern theatres

descartes + spinoza

descartes (father of, opp of spinoza)

father of modern philosophy

what CAN we know? + relationship between body and mind

dualist = body and mind are separate

skeptic = doubtful about everything

descartes quote?

‘i think, therefore i am’

spinoza (bible, combo-wombo)

historico-critical interpretation of bible

1. monist (body and mind are same)

2. determinist (everything is predetermined)

3. pantheist (universe and god are one)

spinozas quote

‘sub specie aetemitatis''

• see everything from the perspective of eternity

• everything happens for a reason….

empiricism + philosophers

knowledge is only gained from experiences

locke

berkeley

hume

locke (ideas.., GOOD GUY unlike hobbes, govt, when to overthrow?)

ideas can be SIMPLE or COMPLEX

• complex ideas made of many simple ideas

people should be free, equal

LIFE LIBERTY PROPERTY

advocated for division of powers

social contract (giving up rights to the govt for an orderly society)

• OVERTHROW IF THE GOVT DOESNT PROTECT PEOPLES RIGHTS

berkeley (in his mind..)

everything is a result of ideas in the mind

• objects only exist when perceived by mind

only ideas exist, not physical things

hume (rhymes with fume.., beliefs, law) + why was he the most important empiricist

set immanuel kant on his philosophical journey

agnostic = cannot decide if god exists or not

two types of perception

1. impressions (immediate sensations)

   • like burning hand on hot oven

2. ideas (recollection of impressions)

• remembering that you burned hand on oven

beliefs from custom and habit

• what people say or do is based on emotions, not reasoning

hume’s law = just because you see something happen does not mean it should have happened

enlightenment + why did it happen

happened because french philosophers did not like the french ways and were inspired by the british’s science, government and philosophy

individual rights, religious tolerance, reasoning

deism

god only shows himself through natural processes

declaration of the rights of man + problem

all rights of man…but no women!?

olympe de gouges

• makes declaration of the rights of women!

kant (apples) + “thing in itself/for me” + religion

rationalist + empiricist (knowledge comes from sensations + experiences but reasoning affects how we perceive the world)

material knowledge

• knowledge from experience

• EXTERNAL, cannot know until percieved by senses

• “apples are sweet”

form of knowledge

• knowledge from reasoning

• INTERNAL, know by reasoning

• “apples are fruits”

'“thing in itself” + “thing for me” = only able to know how things look to YOU, not how they actually appear

religion is anything that cannot be explained by experiences or reasoning

romanticism (founding father, origin, religion-inspired, leading philosopher, rousseau, byronic hero)

goethe = founding father of romanticism

origin = western europe, inspired by christianity (people feel the same way about nature as others about god)

self-obsessed, freedom, nature

leading philosopher = schelling (united mind + matter)

rousseau

• “civilization made us sick”

• emilie = book that emphasized child and education

• noble savage (savages are good as they have not been tainted by civilization)

byronic hero = alien, moody, rebellious (IDOL OF ROMANTICS)

hegel (uwu girl, contrast!!, world spirit)

hegelianism (united ideas of romantic age)

• highest form of reality = consciousness

• reasoning is dynamic and progressive, changes over time (which is why ideas change too

  • UwU used to be cute, now its cringy!!

dialectic process = making two contradictory ideas fight, results in new idea that satisfies both

• thesis (an idea) + antithesis (opp idea) = synthesis (new idea!)

world spirit = drives history

• evolves like a pokemon

  1. subjective spirit (self-awareness, the individual)

  2. objective spirit (conciousness in family, society, interactions with otherss)

  3. absolute spirit (focus on art, religion, philosophy, reflects on own impact on history)

kierkegaard ..sounds like creaking of stairs (opp of hegel, existentialism, stages)

focused on INDIVIDUAL, rather than the everything as a WHOLE

• become aware of true self

existenialism = individual’s responsibility to find true meaning in life

stages of life (GO UP/DOWN STAGES BY REACTION TO ANGST)

1. aesthetic stage

   • living for pleasure

2. ethical stage

   • living by morals/laws

3. religious stage

   • faith (basically christianity)

   • “only path to redemption”

karl marx (historical materialist, production, rising up!!)

historical materialist = economic forces cause changes in society, which drives history forward

bases of society

1. conditions of production

   • natural conditions and resources available to society

2. means of production

   • machine, equipment in society

   • controlled by the ruling class (in this period, bourgeosie)

3. mode of production

   • how are goods produced? (ex. owners and workers)

Capitalists = bourgeosie

Proletariats = working class

capitalism = exploitative as workers will lose touch with reality as they work under someone

• marx thought it was corrupt + unstable and would destroy itself (ironic)

• needs to switch to communism (classless society where people control means of production and everybody is equal….)

darwin (naturalistic current, new ideas, neo-darwinism)

lived in naturalistic current (no other reality except the natural world is accepted)

biological evolution = every species has a common ancestor

natural selection = survival of the fittest and those will go on to reproduce and make strong babies

his ideas were viewed NEGATIVELY by religious ppl

neo-darwinism = darwinism with theory of inheritance

freud (the guy who reslly dealt with brains and emotions, cake, the unconscious)

psychoanalysis = therapy for nervous and mental disorders

id = pleasure principle, slave to desires

• eat a cake since you want it

ego = reality principle, regulate desires

• eat cake after dinner

superego = moral values that stuck because of parents or society

• feeling bad about eating cake before dinner since it is not right

human drives = human behavior affected by irrational impulses

• ex. sexual drive

unconcious = traumas stored here

• if brought to conciousness, can feel better!

• brought up by…

  1. parapaxes (accidentally say or do something that was repressed)

  2. rationalization (make an excuse for something you did as the real reason is not right)

  3. projection (transfer repressed things on others')

three other existentialists

nietzche, jean paul sartre, simone de beauvoir

nietzche (heaven)

existentialist (find meaning in life) without help of god…..

• thought heaven was unreal

jean paul sartre (freedom, in a world of 7 billion, i only see you) + quote

humans are free, have total responsibility over what they do

we decide what we perceive by what is important to us

“Existence precedes essence”

• born into a world without meaning, need to find it

simone de beauvoir (women)

applied existentialism to feminism

• thought men and women should get rid of sexist prejudices

absurdism

depict life as worthless so people feel inclined to find meaning in it

arne naess

eco-philosophy (explore relationship between humans and environment)

big bang (scenarios for the future? , youre almost there!)

1. universe was condensed into a small ball

2. ball got hotter and denser

3. EXPLODED

4. fragments cooled down → formed the parts of universe (like planets)

scenario #1 = universe will condense into a ball again and then ANOTHER BIG BANG

scenario #2 = universe will expand forever

heh

mid

awww

skivi