AP World History Vocab 7-9

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Edo

Tokugawa capital city; modern-day Tokyo; center of the Tokugawa shogunate.

Tokugawa (Shogunate)

The military government that ruled over Japan from 1603 until 1868 notable for restoring order and unity to Japan through social hierarchies. The Tokugawa Shogunate ended because of the Meiji Restoration.

Askia the Great

An emperor, military commander, and political reformer of the Songhai Empire in the late 15th century. Through conquests he expanded and strengthened the empire.

Shah Jahan

Mughal Emperor who constructed the Peacock Throne, and built the Taj Mahal in memory of his favorite wife, Mumtaz Mahal. His reign led to the golden age of Mughal art and architecture.

Tax Farming

To generate money for territorial expansion rulers used new methods to get money. Under this system the government hires private individuals to go out and collect taxes for them.

Tribute System

System of international relations in which one state, typically a smaller or weaker state, paid tribute to a more powerful state in exchange for protection or recognition. The tribute system was common in ancient and medieval societies, particularly in East Asia.

Taj Mahal

A tomb built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his beloved deceased wife, Mumtaz Mahal, in Agra, India. The Taj Mahal is considered to be the greatest architectural achievement in the whole range of Indo-Islamic architecture.

Versailles

Palace constructed by Louis XIV outside of Paris to glorify his rule and subdue the nobility. The Palace assisted the wounded and the families of soldiers during war.

Boyars

A privileged class of rich landowners in Russia. They served the prince as his aides and councillors but retained the right to leave his service and enter that of another prince without losing their estates.

Henry VIII

The monarch of England who reigned from 1509-1547. He came into conflict with the pope upon divorcing his wife, which the pope said he was not allowed to do. He became the head of the Anglican church in England and was excommunicated from the church.

Charles V

Was from the Habsburg family in Austria and became the Holy Roman Emperor. He inherited the Spanish throne, halted the Ottoman Empire's advance into Europe, and is best known for his strong opposition of the Protestant Reformation.

Phillip II

A member of the Habsburg dynasty. He served as king of the Spaniards from 1556 to 1598 and as king of the Portuguese (as Philip I) from 1580 to 1598. The Spanish empire under Philip prospered: It attained its greatest power, extent, and influence.

Spanish Armada

An enormous 130-ship naval fleet dispatched by Spain in 1588 as part of a planned invasion of England. Their plan was to overthrow the Protestant Queen Elizabeth I and restore Catholic rule over England.

Peace of Augsburg

A treaty between Charles V and the forces of Lutheran princes. It officially ended the religious struggle between the two groups and allowed princes in the Holy Roman Empire to choose which religion would reign in their principality.

Edict of Nantes

Edict issued by French king Henry IV that granted considerable religious toleration to French Protestants and ended the French Wars of Religion.

Peace of Westphalia

Recognized the full territorial sovereignty of the member states of the empire. It also ended the Thirty Years' War.

Indulgences

The forgiveness of the punishment due for past sins, granted by the Catholic Church authorities as a reward for a pious act.

Simony

A medieval church practice that involved the buying and selling of things of a spiritual nature, including church offices.

95 Theses

List of ninety-five debating points about the abuses of the Church. It was posted by Martin Luther on the door of a church in Wittenberg in 1517.

John Calvin

A French lawyer who converted to Protestant Christianity in the 1530s. Calvin is known for his influential Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536), which was the first systematic theological treatise of the reform movement.

Predestination

According to Calvin, predestination is the idea that the ultimate fate (heaven or hell) of each person has already been pre-determined by God, regardless of any earthly events or influences.

Puritans

English Protestants who were committed to "purifying" the Church of England by eliminating all aspects of Catholicism from religious practices. They believed the Church of England was too similar to the Roman Catholic Church and should eliminate ceremonies and practices not rooted in the Bible.

Anglican Church

One of the major branches of the 16th-century Protestant Reformation and a form of Christianity that includes features of both Protestantism and Roman Catholicism.

Shariah

A set of laws, principles, and guidelines determined by Islamic legal scholars who set forth jurisprudence based on their interpretation of texts such as the Quran or hadith.

Empiricism

The belief that observation and experimentation are crucial to human understanding. Without personal observation, any explanations or theories were fatally flawed and unacceptable.

Maritime Empires

European global dominance of territories in Asia, Africa, and America from the period 1450 to 1750 through naval power. The five main European powers that became maritime empires are Portugal, Spain, France, England, and the Netherlands.

Cartography

Map making that resembles the features of geography as they actually existed. It helps convey geographic information about a place and can be useful in understanding topography, weather, and culture

Caravel

Inspired by the Arab dhow, a compact ship of Portuguese origin that featured triangular sails and a sternpost rudder making it capable of crossing oceans. It was used by the Spanish and Portuguese during the Age of Exploration.

Carrack

Large sailing vessel developed in Europe by the Portuguese with multiple masts with a large cargo capacity. It was stable in rough seas, which enabled voyages of several months through difficult waters.

Fluyt

Dutch-built cargo ship with comparatively light construction, usually unarmed. It allowed for quick construction and smaller crew requirements, which facilitated the growth of Dutch maritime trade.

Prince Henry (The Navigator)

Portuguese prince who helped capture the North African city of Ceuta, sponsored voyages of exploration with the aim of building colonies in the North Atlantic and West Africa, and began the Portuguese involvement in the African slave trade.

Galleons

Spanish trading ships that made round-trip sailing voyages once or twice per year across the Pacific Ocean from the port of Acapulco in New Spain to Manila in the Spanish East Indies.

Christopher Columbus

Italian navigator who attempted to find a westward route to Asia under the sponsorship of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain. He was the first European to discover the New World.

Bartholomew Dias

Portuguese explorer who, in 1488, became the first European known to have sailed around the Cape of Good Hope (at the tip of South Africa) and reached the Indian Ocean. His voyage showed that the Atlantic and Indian Oceans flowed into each other.

Vasco da Gama

First, Portuguese explorer that went around Africa and entered the Indian Ocean. Vasco da Gama was the first European to open a sea-based trade route to India.

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese mariner who commanded the first European (Spanish) fleet to circumnavigate the globe (1519-1521). Magellan was sponsored by Spain to travel west across the Atlantic in search of the East Indies.

Northern (northwest) Passage

A passage through the North America Continent that was sought early by explorers to North America as a route to trade with the east. The quest for the passage was one of the world's severest maritime challenges.

Jacques Cartier

French explorer who began the first of his voyages to Canada in search of the Northwest Passage. During his second voyage, 1535-1536, Cartier sailed up the St. Lawrence River as far as the present site of Quebec city. Cartier's voyages established France's claims to North America.

Samuel de Champlain

French explorer that founded Quebec in 1608. He also made important explorations of what is now northern New York, the Ottawa River, and the eastern Great Lakes.

John Cabot

Italian explorer and navigator who was among the first to think of sailing westward to reach the riches of Asia. Under a patent granted by Henry VII in 1496, Cabot sailed from Bristol in 1497 and discovered Newfoundland and Cape Breton Island on the North American coast.

Henry Hudson

An English explorer who explored for the Dutch. He claimed the Hudson River around present day New York and called it New Netherland. He also had the Hudson Bay named for him.

James Cook

British explorer, navigator, cartographer, and captain in the Royal Navy. Cook mapped the east coast of Australia which paved the way for British settlement 18 years later.

Quebec

First permanent French settlement in North America, founded by Samuel de Champlain

Jamestown

The first settlement founded in Virginia was named Jamestown in honor of Elizabeth's successor, James I. The colony, founded in 1607, was the first permanent English settlement in the Americas.

New Amsterdam

A settlement established by the Dutch near the mouth of Hudson River and the southern end of Manhattan Island. New Amsterdam was the capital of New Netherland, where the Dutch were heavily involved with the fur trade.

Smallpox

A highly contagious viral disease characterized by fever, weakness, and skin eruption with pustules that form scabs, responsible for killing Native Americans. It killed around 30% of its victims, but those who survived were left with scars or even blindness.

Conquistadors

Any of the leaders in the Spanish conquest of America, especially of Mexico and Peru, in the 16th century. Their goal was to claim land and resources for their investors and conquer natives of other lands for treasure and glory

Maize

One of the staple crops of sedentary agriculturists in the Americas. It was an early form of corn grown by Native Americans.

Cacoa

Large beans first cultivated by the Mayans, which were the source of chocolate. Cacao was a precious commodity consumed mostly by nobles in Mayan society, and cacao beans were also used as money.

Okra

Widely cultivated cash crops in southern United States and West Indies for its long mucilaginous green pods used as basis for soups and stews.

Creole

Any person of European or African descent born in the West Indies or parts of French or Spanish America. Creoles were considered second-class citizens and were beneath peninsulares in the social hierarchy.

Cash Crop

An agricultural crop that is purposely made strictly to be sold in a market environment for as much money as possible. Most cash crops, which include cotton, opium, grains, etc. are grown in a monoculture environment, where they are the only product grown on a piece of land.

Tenochtitlan

The metropolitan capital of the Aztec Empire, with a population of 150,000-200,000 people. Tenochtitlan was a city of great wealth, obtained through tribute from conquered regions.

Mexico City

The main city of the Aztec Empire and New Spain, built upon the center of a lake.

Francisco Pizarro

Explorer, soldier and conquistador best known for conquering the Incas and executing their leader, Atahuapla. As a soldier, he served on the 1513 expedition of Vasco Núñez de Balboa, during which he discovered the Pacific Ocean.

Atahualpa

The last sovereign emperor of the Inca empire before Francisco Pizarro conquered them. He was victorious in a devastating civil war with his half brother, only to be captured, held for ransom, and then executed by Pizarro.

Hispaniola

The island located in the Caribbean Sea that Christopher Columbus landed on first. During Spanish colonial times, the island's position provided an excellent location for control of Spanish expansion to Cuba, Mexico, Panama, and South America.

Brazil

Latin American colony that became the first major plantation zone in the new world. Brazil's economy was based upon sugar and mining and used slaves for their labor needs.

Treaty of Tordesillas

Agreement between Spain and Portugal dividing the rights to colonize all lands outside of Europe. The treaty worked out well for the Spanish and Portuguese empires, but less or the people already living in established communities.

Maori

A native of New Zealand whose ancestors first traveled from Asia to Polynesia, and later to New Zealand. They created the most elaborate of all polynesian art and had a caste sytem similar to the one observed in Hawaii.

Indentured Servitude

A worker bound by a voluntary agreement to work for a specified period of years often in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most were Europeans, but after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians.

Chattel Slavery

The colonial system of slavery which was practiced in all of the original 13 British colonies. In this system, enslaved people were the personal property of their owners for life, a source of labor or a commodity that could be willed, traded or sold like livestock or furniture.

Encomienda

Granted colonists the right to demand labor of native peoples in the mines and fields. Conquistadors like Hernán Cortés and Francisco Pizarro brought this system to the Americas.

Middle Passage

The forced voyage of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the New World. Those aboard ship were exposed to almost continuous dangers, including raids at port by hostile tribes, epidemics, attack by pirates or enemy ships, and bad weather.

Bartolome de Las Casas

A Dominican priest who was one of the first Spanish settlers in the New World. After participating in the conquest of Cuba, Las Casas freed his own slaves and spoke out against Spanish cruelties and injustices in the empire.

Commercial Revolution

Great increase in commerce in Europe that began in the late Middle Ages. It received stimulus from the voyages of exploration undertaken by England, Spain, and other nations to Africa, Asia, and the New World. The Commercial Revolution led to capitalism.

Joint-Stock Companies

Large, investor-backed companies that sponsored European exploration and colonization in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Famous examples are the British East India Company and the Dutch East India Company.

Limited Liability

A business organization in which the owners have limited personal legal responsibility for debts and actions of the business.

The Triangle Trade

A system of exchange in which Europe supplied Africa and the Americas with finished goods, the Americas supplied Europe and Africa with raw materials, and Africa supplied the Americas with enslaved laborers. The Triangle Trade was fueled by mercantilism.

Monopoly

A market structure in which an individual firm has sufficient control of an industry or market. By definition, monopoly is characterized by an absence of competition, which often results in high prices and inferior products.

Virgin of Guadalupe

Refers to when the Virgin Mary, the mother of Jesus and a very important saint in the Roman Catholic religious tradition appeared to a man named Juan Diego in Mexico in 1531. She holds a special place in the culture and religious life of many Mexicans and Mexican Americans.

Viceroy

One who rules a country or province as the representative of his sovereign or king and who is empowered to act in the sovereign's name.

Black Sea

An Inland Sea between Europe and Asia. The sea was difficult to navigate, and hostile tribes inhabited its shores.

Steppe

Dry, grassy plain. The Eurasian steppe has historically been one of the most important routes for travel and trade. The flat expanse provides an ideal route between Asia and Europe.

Maratha Empire

Indian power that existed from 1674 to 1818 and ruled over a large area of the Indian sub-continent. The Marathas are credited to a large extent for ending Mughal rule in India.

Ana Nzinga

Queen of Angola (circa 1581-1663) who fought against the slave trade and European influence in the 17th century. Known for being an astute diplomat and visionary military leader, she resisted Portuguese invasion and slave raids for 30 years.

Yemelyan Pugachev (Rebellion)

A 1773-75 revolt in a series of popular rebellions that took place in Russia after Catherine II seized power in 1762. It began as an organized insurrection of Cossacks against a background of profound peasant unrest and war with the Ottoman Empire.

Queen Nanny

A Maroon leader and Obeah woman in Jamaica during the late 17th and early 18th centuries. Nanny herself was an escaped slave who had been shipped from Western Africa.

James II

Inherited the throne after his brother Charles II. He provoked a new conflict by refusing to respect Parliament's rights and by baptizing his heir as a Roman Catholic. He was forced into exile in the Glorious Revolution of 1688.

William of Orange

The King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1689 to 1702, Dutch stadholder (1672-1702), and prince of Orange. Married to Mary, daughter of James II, he was asked by the opponents of James to invade England and was proclaimed joint monarch with Mary after James fled.

Mary II

Ruled jointly with her husband William III of England (r. 1689-1702) until her death from smallpox. Overthrew her father James II during the Glorious Revolution.

Pequot

An indigenous people who lived in the region that became Connecticut in the United States. The Pequots became the first native people to survive a genocidal massacre at the hands of European immigrants.

Wampanoag

A member of the Algonquian people of Rhode Island and Massachusetts who greeted the Pilgrims. The Wampanoag tribe was known for their beadwork, wood carvings, and baskets.

Metacom's (King Philips's) War

A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wampanoags, led by Metacom, a chief also known as King Philip. The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks.

Pueblo Revolt

A revolution against Spanish religious, economic, and political institutions imposed upon the Pueblos. It is the only successful Native uprising against a colonizing power in North America.

Powhatan Wars

Relentless struggle between the Powhatan Indian confederacy and early English settlers in the tidewater section of Virginia and southern Maryland. The conflict resulted in the destruction of the Indian power.

Mehmed II

One of the famous sultans of Ottoman Empire with his intelligence. Mehmed the Conqueror expanded the Ottoman Empire, leading the siege of Constantinople in 1453 and extending the empire's reach into the Balkans.

Roxelana

A concubine in the harem of Suleiman the Magnificent. Roxelana was the first wife of a Sultan, the first enslaved court "favorite" to be manumitted, the first wife allowed to bear multiple sons, and the first to act as an advisor to the Sultan.

Castas

Spanish and Portuguese term used in 17th and 18th centuries mainly in Spanish America to describe as a whole the mixed-race people which appeared in the post-Conquest period.

Penninsulares

Spaniards living in the Spanish colonies who were born in Spain. Their status as born in Spain gave them the highest social status in the colonies and they occupied the most important positions of power in the caste, or casta system, in the colonies.

Barbary Pirates

Privateers operating out of the ports of Salé, Rabat, Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries. The pirates used small, fast-moving vessels to capture trading ships and their cargoes. They held the crews and passengers for ransom or sold them as slaves.

Impressment

The act of forcing men to enlist in military service.

Sephardic Jews

Spanish Jews who were forced to convert to Catholicism or face expulsion from Spain after 1492. In this great diasporic movement, 100,000-300,000 Spanish Jews left Spain and settled in different parts of Europe and the Middle East.

Ashkenazi Jews

Member of the Jews who lived in the Rhineland valley and in neighbouring France before their migration eastward to Slavic lands after the Crusades and their descendants.

American Revolution

Successful rebellion against British rule conducted by the European settlers in the thirteen colonies of British North America, starting in 1776. A conservative revolution whose success preserved property rights and class distinctions but established republican government in place of monarchy.

Declaration of Independence

The fundamental document establishing the United States as a nation, adopted on July 4, 1776. The declaration was ordered and approved by the Continental Congress and written largely by Thomas Jefferson.

French Revolution

Massive upheaval of French society (1789-1815) that overthrew the monarchy, ended the legal privileges of the nobility, and for a time outlawed the Catholic Church. The French Revolution proceeded in stages, becoming increasingly radical and violent until the period known as the Terror in 1793-1794, after which it became more conservative, especially under Napoleon Bonaparte (r. 1799-1815).

Bastille

A great fortress in Paris that stood as a symbol of royal tyranny. On July 14, 1789, at the beginning of the French Revolution, a large crowd of Parisians captured the Bastille. This act convinced King Louis XVI to withdraw his troops from Paris and to accept the French Revolution.

Liberte', egalite', fraternite'

Translated directly from French, the motto means "liberty, equality, fraternity". These words are regarded as the most famous slogan of the French Revolution.

Haitian Revolution

The only fully successful slave rebellion in world history. The uprising in the French Caribbean colony of Saint Domingue was sparked by the French Revolution and led to the establishment of an independent state after a long and bloody war (1791-1804).