metabolism 2/fermentation

explain the problem with anaerobic metabolism that fermentation adresses

-without oxygen, cells can’t regenerate NAD+ through the electorn transport chain

-fermentation solves this by converting NADH back into NAD+ for ATP production

recall the two types of fermentation discusses + products

alcohol fermentation/yeast: produces ethanol, co2 and NAD+

Lactic acid fermentation: produces lactic acid and NAD+

what are the 4 main tissue classes

epithelial

connective

muscle

nervous

recall the 3 types of muscle

skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle

describe skeletal muscle: voluntary or not, striated or not, multinucleated or not or other

voluntary, striated, and multinucleated

describe cardiac muscle: voluntary or not, striated or not, multinucleated or not or other

involuntary, striated, single nucles so not multinucleated, interacalated discs

describe smooth muscle: voluntary or not, striated or not, multinucleated or not and what kind of shaped cells

involuntary, not striated, single nucleus, spindle shaped cells

recall the path of blood flow thorugh the heart

right atrium

right ventricle

pulmonary arteries

lungs

pulmonary veins

left atrium

left ventricle

aorta

body

what is the pulmonary circuit

carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs and brinds oxygenated blood back to the heart

define systemic circuit

carries oxygenated blood fromt he heart ot the body and returns deoxygenated blood to the heart

descibe the physical movments that correlate to heartbreat: atrial contraction, ventricular contraction, and relaxation

(just keep in mind don’t memorize)

Atrial contraction/systole: pushes blood into ventricles

ventricular contraction/systole: sends blood to lungs/body

relaxation/diastole: allows chambers to refill with blood

explain what is happening at P, QRS, and T

-p wave: atrial contraction

-QRS complex: ventricular contraction

T wave: ventricular relaxation

what is the optimaal temperature for fermentation by yeast

around 37 C

describe the effects of temperate on feremntation by yeast

too cold, yeast metabolism slows down, less CO2 production

too hot: enzymes denature, yeast can die, stoppinc CO2 production

optimal: speeds up fermentation and produces the most CO2 w

which sugars are monosaccharides and disaccharide

mon:glucose, fructose, galactose

di:sucrose, and lactose, maltose

describe the differences in how yeast ferments monosaccharides and disaccharides

yeast ferments monosaccharides more easily bc they don’t require extra breakdown into monosacharides

disacchardies must be broken down into monosaccharides before fermentation, which slows down the process

what ar ethe 4 chambers of hte heart

right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle

waht are the vessels in the heart

pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, aorta, and vena cava

what are the two types of anaerobic respiration

lactic and alcohol

alcohol fermentaiton produces ___ molecules of ATP, ____ moleculs of CO2 and ___ molecules of ethanol per glucose

2, 2, 2,

lactic acid fermentation will produce ____ molecules of ATP and ____ molecules of lactic per glucose

2, 2

In lactic acid fermentaiton, what enzyme produces pyruvate

lactate dehydrogenase

what is this

the left atrium

what is this

right ventricle

what is this

Aorta

what is this

the left ventricle

what is this

pulmonary artery

what is this

pulmonary vein