biochemistry

Dehydration synthesis

________- when monomers join to form polymers via the removal of OH from one monomer and H+ from the other.

Taste receptors

________ can be sensitive to either cis or trans isomers but not both.

Ferritin

________ is a spherical protein with channel that allow iron atoms to enter and exit depending on the organisms needs.

covalent bond forms

A(n) ________ between two interacting monomers- that connects them together.

Proteins

________ are affected by any increase in temperature, changes in pH and salt concentration.

Selenocysteine

________ is the only standard amino acid that contains a selenium atom.

Nuclear medicine

________ uses radioactive substances (isotopes) to test the function of organs in the body, to diagnose and treat diseases.

Insulin

________ is a stable molecule that can maintain its shape while travelling through the blood to regular blood- glucose levels.

DNA

________ has deoxyribose and RNA has ribose.

Cohesion

________: the attraction between the positive and negative which holds molecules together.

Alpha amylase

________ begins the digestion of starches in saliva.

High specific heat

________ is the fact that the temperature of water can not be changed easily because to do so wed have to break down the waters molecules.

Covalent bonds

________ are used to connect free nucleotides to the strand.

nitrogenous bases

The ________ are held together by hydrogen bonds to allow the DNAs strands to be separated easily.

O2

They consist of repeated monomers of carbon, H+, and ________.

Electrons

________ always try to go back to their ground state after being excited.

elements electronegativity

The ________ also increases when it goes from down to up.

atom that

A(n) ________ loses an electron becomes a cation.

room temperature

They are solid at ________, increase the levels of LDL (low- density cholesterol), and clog arteries.

cell membrane

When the temperature decreases, the phospholipids keep them apart, preventing the ________ from solidifying.

Adhesion

________: when water (or any molecule) clings to another surface.

Disaccharides

________: glucose + glucose= sucrose.

Hydrolysis

________: when a polymer is being digested (the bonds between the polymer are being hydrolyzed)

hydrogen bonds

The ________ between water molecules can result in surface tension.

ID

Isotopes: The protons in an atom are its ________ number; if the number changed, the atom changes too.

Antibodies

________ have flexible arms that allow them to recognize and bind to pathogens to target them for destruction.

Nucleic acids

________: biological macromolecules composed of monomers called nucleotides.

significant amount of surface

Water can have a(n) ________ tension.

high solubility

Water has ________ and can dissolve anything with a similar composition to its own.

protein synthesis

In ________, the amino acids are connected to each other from the carboxyl groups side.

Heavier elements

________ tend to have more neutrons to hold the protons.

Lipids

________: its nonpolar and is composed of three fatty acid chains.

Nitrogen

________- used to build proteins and nucleic acids.

Thymine

DNA contains ________, while RNA contains Uracil.

Oxygen

________ is more electronegative compared to hydrogen, resulting in an unequal sharing of electrons between ________ and hydrogen.

Tritium

________: has two neutrons.

Deuterium

________: has one neutron.

Hydrophilic

________ (polar) amino acids: these interact well with water.

Phosphorus

________- used to build nucleic acids and certain lipids.

Carbohydrates

________ can be linear or branched.

malignant cancer

They can be used as tracers or markers, and to kill ________ cells.

Isomers

________: molecules that have the same number of atoms and elements but have different structures.

temperature

When the ________ increases, phospholipids gain energy and move away from each other.

Polysaccharides

________: Starch (storage in plants), cellulose (major part of cell wall), glycogen (storage in animals)

Monosaccharides

________: glucose (plants), galactose, and fructose (fruits)

Atoms

________ and molecules (monomers) from the environment are necessary to build new molecules (polymers)

Water

________ is composed of two elements- 1 oxygen and 2 hydrogens.

unique hydrogen bond

Waters cohesive property allows for ________ interactions to occur when water is in a solid state, making ice (solid water) less dense than liquid water.

Tertiary Structure

________: the 3D shape of the protein chain.

Collagen

________ forms a strong triple helix thats used throughout the body for structural support.

Atom

the elemental state of matter

Nucleus

protons and neutrons

Electron cloud

electrons circulating around the nucleus of the atom

Ion

a charged atom, meaning that it has lost/gained an electron

Electron configuration

the positioning of the electrons within an atom

Ground state

when electrons are in the lowest available energy levels

Excited state

when electrons absorb energy and move to higher energy levels

If the e

changes, the charge will change

Isotopes

The protons in an atom are its ID number; if the number changed, the atom changes too

Protium

has zero neutrons

Deuterium

has one neutron

Tritium

has two neutrons

Importance of Isotopes in real life

The world around us is made up of stable isotopes

Neutrons (radioactive decay)

They provide stability for the atom by holding the protons together (via the nuclear force) and preventing the positive charges from repelling one another

Covalent bonds

bonds that share electrons without passing on energy between atoms

Based on the number of electrons Based on polarity and coordination Single bond

when one electron bonds with another electron from another atom

Polar bond (hydrophilic)

in a polar bond, you might find some charged electrons around the atom, but the overall charge of the atom is zero

Double bond

when two electrons bond with two other electrons

Non-polar bond (hydrophobic)

a hydrophobic bond

Triple bond

when three electrons bond with three other electrons

Coordinate bond

a bond thats formed as a result of an atom donating a pair of electrons

Ionic bonds

one where electrons are being transferred (not shared) between atoms

Ionic Bonds Covalent Bonds Electrons are transferred

theres energy

Electrons are shared peacefully

theres no energy

Properties of water

Composed of one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms

Thats because the number of protons increases, which allows the negative charges of the e

to get attracted to the center, which carries the positive charges of the p+

Its a polar molecule

electrons are shared unequally

Cohesion

the attraction between the positive and negative which holds molecules together

Adhesion

when water (or any molecule) clings to another surface

Capillary action

the result of both the adhesive and cohesive properties of water

E.g., in plants, there are two types of tubes

Xylem, which is responsible for water transportation (via adhesion and cohesion) and Phloem, which transports food and nutrients (glucose) from the leaves to the plant

Isomers

molecules that have the same number of atoms and elements but have different structures

Their importance

Isomers are important in biology because they have different functions, meaning that their efficiency varies

Organic molecules

molecules that contain carbon chemically joined with H+

Monosaccharides

glucose (plants), galactose, and fructose (fruits)

Disaccharides

glucose + glucose = sucrose

Polysaccharides

Starch (storage in plants), cellulose (major part of cell wall), glycogen (storage in animals)

Dehydration synthesis

when monomers join to form polymers via the removal of OH from one monomer and H+ from the other

Hydrolysis

when water is added to break polymers into monomers

Lipids

its nonpolar and is composed of three fatty acid chains

Some are saturated and some are unsaturated

both determine by the shape

Saturated fats

the unhealthy fats

Unsaturated fats

theyre the healthy fats (vegetable oils)

Phospholipids

the main component of the cell membrane

Cholesterol

a four ringed molecule present in the cell membrane

Proteins

polymers made up of repeated amino acid monomers bonded together by peptide bonds

Hydrophobic amino acids

these contain carbon-rich r-variant group, causing them not to interact well with water

Hydrophilic (polar) amino acids

these interact well with water

Charged amino acids

these interact well with oppositely charged amino acids or other molecules

Primary Structure

this is the linear sequence of amino acids as encoded by DNA