biochemistry

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128 Terms

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Dehydration synthesis
________- when monomers join to form polymers via the removal of OH from one monomer and H+ from the other.
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Taste receptors
________ can be sensitive to either cis or trans isomers but not both.
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Ferritin
________ is a spherical protein with channel that allow iron atoms to enter and exit depending on the organisms needs.
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covalent bond forms
A(n) ________ between two interacting monomers- that connects them together.
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Proteins
________ are affected by any increase in temperature, changes in pH and salt concentration.
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Selenocysteine
________ is the only standard amino acid that contains a selenium atom.
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Nuclear medicine
________ uses radioactive substances (isotopes) to test the function of organs in the body, to diagnose and treat diseases.
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Insulin
________ is a stable molecule that can maintain its shape while travelling through the blood to regular blood- glucose levels.
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DNA
________ has deoxyribose and RNA has ribose.
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Cohesion
________: the attraction between the positive and negative which holds molecules together.
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Alpha amylase
________ begins the digestion of starches in saliva.
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High specific heat
________ is the fact that the temperature of water can not be changed easily because to do so wed have to break down the waters molecules.
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Covalent bonds
________ are used to connect free nucleotides to the strand.
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nitrogenous bases
The ________ are held together by hydrogen bonds to allow the DNAs strands to be separated easily.
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O2
They consist of repeated monomers of carbon, H+, and ________.
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Electrons
________ always try to go back to their ground state after being excited.
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elements electronegativity
The ________ also increases when it goes from down to up.
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atom that
A(n) ________ loses an electron becomes a cation.
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room temperature
They are solid at ________, increase the levels of LDL (low- density cholesterol), and clog arteries.
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cell membrane
When the temperature decreases, the phospholipids keep them apart, preventing the ________ from solidifying.
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Adhesion
________: when water (or any molecule) clings to another surface.
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Disaccharides
________: glucose + glucose= sucrose.
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Hydrolysis
________: when a polymer is being digested (the bonds between the polymer are being hydrolyzed)
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hydrogen bonds
The ________ between water molecules can result in surface tension.
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ID
Isotopes: The protons in an atom are its ________ number; if the number changed, the atom changes too.
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Antibodies
________ have flexible arms that allow them to recognize and bind to pathogens to target them for destruction.
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Nucleic acids
________: biological macromolecules composed of monomers called nucleotides.
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significant amount of surface
Water can have a(n) ________ tension.
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high solubility
Water has ________ and can dissolve anything with a similar composition to its own.
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protein synthesis
In ________, the amino acids are connected to each other from the carboxyl groups side.
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Heavier elements
________ tend to have more neutrons to hold the protons.
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Lipids
________: its nonpolar and is composed of three fatty acid chains.
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Nitrogen
________- used to build proteins and nucleic acids.
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Thymine
DNA contains ________, while RNA contains Uracil.
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Oxygen
________ is more electronegative compared to hydrogen, resulting in an unequal sharing of electrons between ________ and hydrogen.
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Tritium
________: has two neutrons.
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Deuterium
________: has one neutron.
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Hydrophilic
________ (polar) amino acids: these interact well with water.
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Phosphorus
________- used to build nucleic acids and certain lipids.
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Carbohydrates
________ can be linear or branched.
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malignant cancer
They can be used as tracers or markers, and to kill ________ cells.
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Isomers
________: molecules that have the same number of atoms and elements but have different structures.
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temperature
When the ________ increases, phospholipids gain energy and move away from each other.
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Polysaccharides
________: Starch (storage in plants), cellulose (major part of cell wall), glycogen (storage in animals)
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Monosaccharides
________: glucose (plants), galactose, and fructose (fruits)
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Atoms
________ and molecules (monomers) from the environment are necessary to build new molecules (polymers)
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Water
________ is composed of two elements- 1 oxygen and 2 hydrogens.
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unique hydrogen bond
Waters cohesive property allows for ________ interactions to occur when water is in a solid state, making ice (solid water) less dense than liquid water.
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Tertiary Structure
________: the 3D shape of the protein chain.
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Collagen
________ forms a strong triple helix thats used throughout the body for structural support.
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Atom
the elemental state of matter
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Nucleus
protons and neutrons
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Electron cloud
electrons circulating around the nucleus of the atom
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Ion
a charged atom, meaning that it has lost/gained an electron
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Electron configuration
the positioning of the electrons within an atom
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Ground state
when electrons are in the lowest available energy levels
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Excited state
when electrons absorb energy and move to higher energy levels
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If the e
changes, the charge will change
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Isotopes
The protons in an atom are its ID number; if the number changed, the atom changes too
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Protium
has zero neutrons
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Deuterium
has one neutron
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Tritium
has two neutrons
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Importance of Isotopes in real life
The world around us is made up of stable isotopes
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Neutrons (radioactive decay)
They provide stability for the atom by holding the protons together (via the nuclear force) and preventing the positive charges from repelling one another
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Covalent bonds
bonds that share electrons without passing on energy between atoms
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Based on the number of electrons Based on polarity and coordination Single bond
when one electron bonds with another electron from another atom
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Polar bond (hydrophilic)
in a polar bond, you might find some charged electrons around the atom, but the overall charge of the atom is zero
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Double bond
when two electrons bond with two other electrons
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Non-polar bond (hydrophobic)
a hydrophobic bond
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Triple bond
when three electrons bond with three other electrons
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Coordinate bond
a bond thats formed as a result of an atom donating a pair of electrons
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Ionic bonds
one where electrons are being transferred (not shared) between atoms
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Ionic Bonds Covalent Bonds Electrons are transferred
theres energy
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Electrons are shared peacefully
theres no energy
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Properties of water
Composed of one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms
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Thats because the number of protons increases, which allows the negative charges of the e
to get attracted to the center, which carries the positive charges of the p+
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Its a polar molecule
electrons are shared unequally
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Cohesion
the attraction between the positive and negative which holds molecules together
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Adhesion
when water (or any molecule) clings to another surface
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Capillary action
the result of both the adhesive and cohesive properties of water
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E.g., in plants, there are two types of tubes
Xylem, which is responsible for water transportation (via adhesion and cohesion) and Phloem, which transports food and nutrients (glucose) from the leaves to the plant
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Isomers
molecules that have the same number of atoms and elements but have different structures
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Their importance
Isomers are important in biology because they have different functions, meaning that their efficiency varies
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Organic molecules
molecules that contain carbon chemically joined with H+
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Monosaccharides
glucose (plants), galactose, and fructose (fruits)
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Disaccharides
glucose + glucose = sucrose
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Polysaccharides
Starch (storage in plants), cellulose (major part of cell wall), glycogen (storage in animals)
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Dehydration synthesis
when monomers join to form polymers via the removal of OH from one monomer and H+ from the other
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Hydrolysis
when water is added to break polymers into monomers
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Lipids
its nonpolar and is composed of three fatty acid chains
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Some are saturated and some are unsaturated
both determine by the shape
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Saturated fats
the unhealthy fats
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Unsaturated fats
theyre the healthy fats (vegetable oils)
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Phospholipids
the main component of the cell membrane
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Cholesterol
a four ringed molecule present in the cell membrane
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Proteins
polymers made up of repeated amino acid monomers bonded together by peptide bonds
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Hydrophobic amino acids
these contain carbon-rich r-variant group, causing them not to interact well with water
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Hydrophilic (polar) amino acids
these interact well with water
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Charged amino acids
these interact well with oppositely charged amino acids or other molecules
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Primary Structure
this is the linear sequence of amino acids as encoded by DNA