Forensic Science and Criminal Law: Key Concepts and Court Procedures

What is forensic science?

The study and application of science to matters of law, providing timely, accurate, and thorough information to decision makers in the criminal justice system.

What does the term 'forensic' derive from?

The Latin word 'forensis,' meaning forum, where judicial proceedings were held.

What is criminalistics?

The scientific examination of physical evidence for legal purposes.

What does criminology study?

The psychological angle of crime, including motives, traits, and behaviors to interpret evidence.

Name three types of crime labs.

Federal labs (FBI), state labs (DEA), and private labs (ATF).

What are the basic services provided by crime labs?

Physical science unit, biology unit, firearms and ballistics unit, document examination unit, photography unit.

What types of evidence are most commonly examined in crime labs?

Drugs, firearms, and fingerprints.

What is the Locard Exchange Principle?

Whenever two objects come into contact, there is always a transfer of material.

What types of law is forensic science most involved in?

Civil and Criminal Law.

What does the 4th Amendment protect?

Protection from unreasonable search and seizure without probable cause.

What is probable cause?

Sufficient evidence that a reasonable person would believe a crime was committed.

What rights does the 5th Amendment guarantee?

Right against self-incrimination, right to due process, right against double jeopardy, and right to a grand jury.

What is the significance of Miranda v. Arizona (1966)?

Established that individuals must be informed of their rights upon arrest.

What rights are guaranteed by the 6th Amendment?

Right to a fair and speedy trial, a lawyer, a jury of peers, and to confront witnesses.

What does the 8th Amendment prohibit?

Cruel and unusual punishment and excessive bail.

What is the difference between an infraction and a misdemeanor?

An infraction is a minor offense usually punishable by a fine, while a misdemeanor is a minor crime punishable by fine or jail time.

What constitutes a felony?

A major crime punishable by fines and/or more than one year in prison.

What are the three elements needed to prove a case?

Motive, means, and opportunity.

What is the burden of proof in U.S. courts?

The prosecution must prove the defendant's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.

What happens during an arraignment?

The defendant is brought before a judge to hear charges and enter a plea, typically within 72 hours of arrest.

What is a plea bargain?

An agreement between the defendant and prosecution to resolve a case, often resulting in a reduced charge or sentence.

What is the Frye Standard?

Scientific evidence is admissible if it is generally accepted by the relevant scientific community.

What is the Daubert Ruling?

The judge determines the admissibility of evidence based on several criteria, including testability and peer review.

What role does an expert witness play in court?

An expert witness presents scientific evidence, establishes credibility, evaluates evidence, and renders an opinion.