Bio mid-term vocab

The conversion of food (glucose) into energy (ATP)

Cellular respiration

maintenance of a steady-state; keeping levels in the body constant

Homeostasis

a group of similar organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring.

Species

the part of an experiment that is used for comparison; lacks the variable being tested.

control group

production of more organisms of the same species; may be sexual or asexual

Reproduction

The gradual change of a species over time

Evolution

any feature or behavior that increases an organism's chance of a species over time

Adaptation

all of the chemical changes in an organism.

metabolism

the variable in the experiment that is measured; it depends on the variable being tested.

Dependent variable

the variable in the experimented that is being tested

independent variable

The axis of a graph on which the independent variable is placed

x-axis

a possible answer to a question that can be tested

hypothesis

a hypothesis that has been tested and supported repeatedly.

theory

the part of the microscope that magnifies the image; can be low, medium, or high power.

objectives

the part of the microscope through which you look

eye piece/occular

The part of the microscope that allows you to focus

Adjustment knobs

the part of the microscope that regulates the amount of light coming through

diaphragm

The hypothesis that states that an enzyme and its substrate must match perfectly; explain why enzymes are specific.

Lock+Key

A polysaccharide found in the cell walls of plants.

Cellulose

The molecule an enzyme acts on

Substrate

The portion of the enzyme that binds to its substrate.

Active Site

A macromolecule composed of C, H, and O; has a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen molecules to oxygen molecules

Carbs

A macromolecule composed of C, H, and O; ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is greater than 2:1.

lipids

A measure of the acidity of a solution.

pH

The monomer (subunit) that makes up proteins

Amino acids

The joining of two molecules; water is removed in the process.

Dehydration sunthesis

A substance that has a high concentration of H+ ions.

acid

A substance that has a high concentration of OH- ions.

base

Any substance that contains carbon.

Organic

A specific type of protein that speeds up chemical reactions

enzyme

A macromolecule Composed of monosaccharides.

glucose

The form of polysaccharide in which plants store food.

Starch

- NH2

amino group

The subunit of nucleic acids

nucleotides

The macromolecule that contains C, H, O, N, and P.

Nucleic acids

The type of macromolecule that contains C, H, O, N, and S.

Proteins

Unfolding of an enzyme; makes it inactive.

denaturation

Anything that speeds up the rate of a reaction.

Catalyst

DNA and RNA are examples of this type of macromolecule.

nucleic acids

Hemoslobin, collagen, and enzymes are examples of this type of macromolecule

Proteins

Fats and oils are examples of this type of macromolecule.

lipids

Glucose, sucrose, and starch are examples of this type of macromolecule.

Carbs

Stores food, water, or proteins for the cell.

vacuole

A means of taking large particles into the cell in which the cell changes shape to encompass the particle.

endcytosis

Movement of particles from high to low concentration.

diffusion

Movement of water from high water concentration to low water concentration across a semi-permeable membrane.

Osmosis

Organelle in which photosynthesis takes place.

Chloroplast

Organelle in which cellular respiration takes place.

Mitochondria

Describes the fact that the plasma membrane allows some things through, but not other things.

Selective permeability

Organelle that digests wastes of the cell.

Lysosome

Organelle that makes ribosomes.

nucleolus

Type of cell that contains a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles.

eukarole

Type of cell that LACKS a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles.

Prokaryote

Organelle that surrounds a plant cell.

CeIl wall

Movement of particles from low concentration to high concentration.

Active transport

Water moves out of a cell if it is placed in this type of environment.

hyper tonic

Water moves into a cell if it is placed in this type of environment.

hypotonic

This type of environment has an equal solute concentration as inside the cell.

isotonic

The primary molecule of energy for the cell.

ATP

Organelle involved in packaging proteins for transport outside of the cell.

golgi Bodies

Prokaryotic cells are only found in this type of organism.

Bacteria

The main component of the cell membrane.

Phospholipids

The steroid in the cell membrane that helps with its stability and flexibility.

Cholesterol

The macromolecules embedded in the membrane that help with self recognition, transport, and reception of hormonal messages.

protein

Chromosome pairs that are similar, but not identical; one came from Mom and the other from Dad.

homologus chromosomes

Having only one copy of each chromosome (as in sex cells).

Haploid

The process of converting light energy into carbohydrates.

Photosynthesis

The sources of carbon for photosynthesis.

CO2

The phase of the cell cycle that is NOT a part of mitosis.

cytokinesis/interphase

The phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes become visible.

prophase

The phase of mitosis in which the sister chromatids first separate.

anaphase

The protective ends of the chromosome that delays aging.

telomere

The type of nuclear division that forms gametes.

meiosis

The type of nuclear division that replaces worn out cells.

mitosis

Sperm and egg.

gametes

The type of reproduction that involves fusion of a sperm and egg.

sexual

Identical copies of chromosomes made just before cell division.

sister chromatids

The alignment of the chromosomes in a picture; used to test for genetic disorders in fetuses.

karyotype

The division of the cytoplasm.

cytokinesis

The mixing of chromosomes among homologous chromosomes that occurs during Prophase I of meiosis.

crossing over

The three-carbon sugar formed by glycolysis.

pyruvate

The substance formed by fermentation in humans that causes the burning sensation during exercise.

lactic acid

The green pigment in plants.

chlorophyll

The third step in cellular respiration in which NADH and FADH2 are converted to ATP.

ETC

The place where meiosis occurs in males.

testes

The place where meiosis occurs in females.

ovaries

A cell with two copies of each chromosome.

diploid

The wrapped up form of DNA/protein that is present during mitosis.

chromosome

The unwrapped form of DNA/protein that is present during interphase.

chromatin

The part of the cell cycle that involves a cell conducting its "normal" activities.

interphase

The protein chains that separate the chromosomes.

centroids

The point of connection between two sister chromatids.

centromere

The final product of cellular respiration that is the "goal".

ATP

The final product of photosynthesis that is the "goal".

glucose

A portion of DNA that codes for a protein; determines a trait.

gene

The cross that determines whether an individual is homozygous dominant or heterozygous for a trait.

test cross

One of two or more alternative forms of a gene.

sex linked

A gene located on the X chromosome.

sex-linked gene

X and Y chromosomes.

sex chromosomes

Blood type known as the universal donor.

O