7.1 and 7.2 - Health Science

Anatomy

study of the body

physiology

how the body works

pathophysiology

diseases of the body

4 different types of diseases

congenital, inherited, infectious, degenerative

congenital

happens in the womb

congenital examples

club foot and spina bifida

inherited disease

transmitted from parents

inherited examples

color blindness and down syndrome

infectious disease

germ producing organism (bacteria or virus)

infection examples

common cold and STI

degenerative diseases

deterioration of the body tissues and organs from lifestyle choices or aging

degenerative examples

osteoarthritis and COPD (smoking)

diagnosis

identifying the disease

etiology

cause of the disease

prognosis

probable outcome

idiopathic

cause is unknown

iatrogenic

caused by a prescribed treatment

homeostatis

natural balance within the body

protoplasm

basic substance of all life

what are humans made of?

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus

functions of the cell

take in food and oxygen and produce heat and energy

how many cells does the human body contain?

trillions

cell membrane

outer covering of the cell

cytoplasm

semifluid inside the cell

what is cytoplasm made of?

water, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, minerals, and salts

nucleus

the brain

nucleolus

inside the nucleus; cell production

chromatin

in the nucleus; made up of DNA & protein; form chromosomes

how many chromosomes do humans have?

46 (23 pairs)

centrosome

contains 2 centrioles, seperate during mitosis

mitochondria

“powerhouse”; major energy source

golgi apparatus

produces, stores, & packages secretions for discharge

endoplasmic reticulum

transports materials in and out of nucleus; there are 2

rough er

contains ribosomes

smooth er

no ribosomes

lysosomes

oval/round, breakdown and destroy

vacuoles

pouch-like fold filled with stored food and waste products

pinocytic vesicles

pocket-like fold that allow fats to enter

ribosomes

holds onto rough er, can be 10 million, produce protein from amino acid

mitosis

form of asexual reproduction

meiosis

sex cells (gamete) divide

stem cells

can be transported into the body to cure diseases

tissue

60-99% water and water is slightly salty

4 types of tissue

epithelial, connective, nerve, muscle

dehydration

an insufficient amount of tissue fluid

edema

excess amount of tissue fluid (swelling)

how are we made?

cells, tissues, organs, system, you

organ system examples

nervous, respiratory, digestive, integumentary, skeletal

tranverse plane

divides top and bottom

midsaggital or median plane

divides right and left side

frontal or coronal plane

divides front and back

dorsal cavity

located on the back of the body

cranial

brain

caudal

spinal

anterior cavity

front of the body

what separates the two ventral cavities?

diaphragm

top ventral cavity

thoraic cavity

bottom of ventral cavity

abdominopelvic cavity

how many abdominal regions are there?

9

how many quadrants are there?

4

what is the largest system?

the skin

how much of the skin does the body cover?

3000 sq in

what percent of body weight does skin make up?

15%

epidermis

outer most layer of the skin

dermis

“true skin”

subcutaneous/hypodermis

innermost layer, connects the skin to underlying muscles

where is hair not at on the human body?

the palm of hands & soles of feet

what will regrow?

nails

what are functions of the skin?

protection and excretion

alopecia

permanent loss of hair

dilate

get larger, lose heat

constrict

get smaller, hold heat

melanin

brownish black pigment

albino

absence of color

carotene

yellowish red pigment

erythema

reddish color caused by burns or congestion

jaundice

yellow discoloration; liver or gallbladder disease

cyanosis

bluish discoloration

macules

flat spots; ex-freckles

papules

firm, raised area; ex-pimples

vesicles

blisters or fluid-filled sacs; ex-acne

crusts

dried pus and blood

ulcer

deep loss of skin surface into the dermis

wheals

itchy, elevated areas with irregular shapes