Biological molecules

what is covalent bonding

sharing of electrons

What is ionic bonding?

Ionic bonding is bonds that have electrostatic attraction. When oppositely charged ions form an ionic bond you get an ionic compound.

What is hydrogen bonding

Molecule with un even distribution

What are monomers? Plus examples

Smaller units from which larger molecules are made

Monosaccharides, amino acids, nucleoides

What are polymers?

Molecules made from a large number of monomers joined together

What is a condensation reaction?

Two monomers join together and water is released

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

a reaction in which a bond is broken by the addition of a water molecule

What are monosaccharides?

simple sugars (glucose, fructose, galactose)

What are disaccharides?

double sugars formed when two monosaccharides are joined

What are polysaccharides?

large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides in series of condensation reactions

What type of sugar is glucose?

hexose sugar

Formula for glucose

C6 H12 O6

What is alpha glucose?

on the first carbon of the ring the OH group is on the bottom

What is beta glucose?

on the first carbon of the ring the OH group is on the top

What is fructose?

it is an isomer of glucose (A monosaccharide)

Soluble

Sweeter than glucose

what is glactose?

Not soluble

Production of glycolipids and glycoproteins

where are ribose and deoxyribose found

RNA and DNA

Benedict's test for reducing sugars

1. Add benedict's reagent (blue) to sample

2. Heat in a boiling water bath

3. Positive = green / yellow / orange / red

how is sucrose made

a-glucose and fructose

where is sucrose found

Transported through the phloem of all plants

what is lactose made of

a-glucose and galactose

where is lactose found

milk and milk products

what makes up maltose

a-glucose and a- glucose

function of maltose

germinating seeds

what is the anomeric carbon for glucose

carbon 1

what is the anomeric carbon for fructose

carbon 2

examples of monosaccharides

galactose, glucose, fructose

examples of dissaccharides

sucrose, lactose, maltose

examples of polysaccharides

starch, glycogen, cellulose

what makes a storage polymer

starch and glucose

what makes up starch

amylose and amylopectin

how is amylose formed

a series of condensation reactions into a helix

what does amylopectin consist of

straight chains of alpha glucose

why is starch a good energy source

insoluble so doesn't effect water pontential

large so wont diffuse out cell

helical so makes it compact