1.2_QUESTIONED DOCUMENT

1. Conventional or Ordinary Copy Book Form

2. Highly individualized or Personalized

kinds of signiture

Conventional or Ordinary Copy Book Form

the letters are legible (capable of being read)

Highly individualized or Personalized

characterized by a series of intertwining strokes, ornamentation and flourishes

Forgery

• Is an act of falsifying or counterfeiting any treasure or bank notes, paper bills or any documents which are payable to the bearer.

• Is an act of simulating or tracing somebody's signature without the latter's consent for profit.

it is commited by any person who, with intent to defrud, signs the name of another, or a fictitious person, knowing that he has no authority to do so, or falsely makes, alters forges or counterfeits any check, draft due bill for the payment of money or property, or counterfeits or forges the seal or handwriting of another knowing the same to be fake, altered, forge or counterfeited, with intent to prejudice, damage or defraud any person.

1. Simple forgery

2. Simulated or Copied forgery

3. Traced Forgery

Major Types of Forgery

Simple forgery

Is a forged signature where no attempt has been made to make a copy or facsimile of the genuine writing of a person purported to sign the document. Also known as spurious signature

Simulated or Copied forgery

Is a forged signature which resembles the genuine signature written in free-hand.
It is considered as the most skillful form of forgery.


Traced Forgery

Is a forged signature which closely resembles the genuine made by some tracing process or outline form.

A. Carbon outline process

B. Indention process

C. Projection or transmitted light process

D. Laser method

Methods of tracing

Carbon outline process

uses carbon paper.

Indention process

uses considerable pressure, Canal-like process.

• with suitable pressure or force the outline of the genuine signature with a pointed instrument. The outline is then directly inked, in some instances, the outline is first retraced lightly with a pecil before it is finally retraced with suitable ink.

EDSA (Electro Static Detection Apparatus

instrument use for examination of intended writings

Projection or transmitted light process

uses light from the back or bottom.

• spurious document is placed immdiately over the genuine signiture, with strong light directed through the two sheet of paper from below or behind; outline, which is seen through upper sheets, is then traced

Laser method

uses hologram

Characteristics

It refers to any property, marks or elements which distinguishes. -

• Also referred to as identifying details.

Class Characteristics

Characteristics or properties which are common or which can be found in the specimen writing of other person.

Individual Characteristics

Characteristics which are highly personal or peculiar. That which is unlikely to occur in other's handwriting.

Arc

the rounded inner part of an upper curve, bend or crook,

Beard

is an introductory up and down strokes found in some capital letters. Also sometimes called as double hitch.

Blunt

is a part of a stroke characterized by an abrupt beginning or end at which the pen does not creates a diminishing stroke.

Buckle Knot

is a horizontal or loop strokes used to complete letters A, H, F and D.

Central Part

is the body of the letter. Characterized by a small rounded or circular stroke.

Ductus-link/ Ductus-broken

refers to the connection between letters, either joined or disconnected.

Eyelet/ eyeloop

refers to small oblong strokes.

Hitch

an introductory backward stroke found in most capital letters and in some small letters

Humps

is the outer portion of an upper curve bend or crook, (see arc)

Knob

is a tiny pool of an ink at the beginning or ending strokes.

Loop

is an oblong stroke

Stem/shank/staff

is considered as the backbone of the letter characterized by a long downward stroke

Initial/terminal Spur

a long running initial or terminal strokes.

Through

refers to any garland form of a letter strokes

Whirl

is the lone upward strokes usually found opposite the stem

Hiatus

An obvious gap between letters.

• Interuption in strokes produced withouht lifting the writing instrument. Possibily caused by speed in writing or by defective writing instrument

• Pen Jump

Embellishments

Are added strokes that serve as an ornamental or flourish to the design of the letters. They considered unnecessary to the legibility of the writing.

Diacritics

A stroke added to complete certain letters. They are necessary to the legibility of the letters.

Writing Movement

Refers to all factors relative to the motion of the pen.

Line Quality

Are the visible records in the written strokes of the basic movements and manner of holding instrument. It is derived from a combination of factors, including writing skill, speed, and rhythm, freedom of movement, shading and pen emphasis.

1. Fingers

2. hand

3. forearm

4. whole arm

Types of movement

Finger

used by beginners

• The thumb, the first and second and slightly the third fingers are in actual motion. Most usually employed by children and illiterates.

Hand

wrist serves as the point of pivotal & of limited freedom

• produced by the movement or action of the whole hand with the wrist as the center of attraction

Forearm

most skillful type of movement

• movement of the shoulder, hand and arm with the support of the table.

Whole arm

used for ornamental or large writings

• action of the entire arm without resting. i.e., blackboard writing

Pen pressure

is the average or usual pressure applied in the writing.

Pen Emphasis

is the act of intermittently forcing the pen against the paper surface with an increase in speed

Rhythm

is the harmonious or balance recurrence of strokes or impulses.

Skills

refers to the degree of writer's proficiency in writing

Speed

cannot be measured precisely from the finished handwriting but it can be interpreted in broad term as to either fast, slow or moderate.

Pen-lift

an interruption in strokes caused by sudden removal of the writing instrument from the paper surface.

• disconnection between letters and letter combination may be due to lack of movement control.

Shading

refers to the more obvious increase in the width of the letter strokes.

Pen Position/ Pen Hold

is the relative location of the pen in relation to the paper surface.

Pen scope

represents the reach of the hand while the wrist at rest.

Retracing or retraced

is the stroke which goes back over another writing strokes that is slightly to occur in other's writing.

Retouching or patching

is a stroke which goes back over a defective portion of a writing to repair or correct an error.