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Genghis Khan
Founder of the Mongol Empire, known for his military genius, use of cavalry, and psychological warfare.
William Wallace
Scottish knight who led resistance against England in the First War of Scottish Independence; won at Stirling Bridge but was defeated at Falkirk.
Robert the Bruce
King of Scotland who secured independence at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314.
Edward I
King of England, known for his conquests in Scotland and Wales.
Edward III
English king who initiated the Hundred Years' War; won at Crécy and Poitiers.
Henry V
English king who won the Battle of Agincourt during the Hundred Years' War.
Philip VI
First king of France from the House of Valois, fought against Edward III in the early Hundred Years' War.
Joan of Arc
French peasant girl who led the French to victory at Orléans, pivotal in turning the tide of the Hundred Years' War.
Scottish Wars of Independence
A series of military campaigns from 1296 to 1357.
Falkirk
Battle in 1298 where England won against William Wallace's forces.
Stirling Bridge
Battle in 1297 where Scotland won, leading to Wallace becoming Guardian of Scotland.
Bannockburn
Battle in 1314 where Scotland achieved a major victory ensuring independence.
Hundred Years' War
A series of conflicts from 1337 to 1453 between England and France.
Sluys
Naval battle in 1340 where England won, establishing naval dominance.
Crécy
Battle in 1346 where England won, utilizing longbows to devastate French knights.
Poitiers
Battle in 1356 where England won, resulting in the capture of the French king.
Agincourt
Battle in 1415 where England won despite being outnumbered.
Orléans
Battle in 1429 where France won, marking a turning point in the war.
Longbow
A powerful English bow, key in battles like Crécy and Agincourt.
Crossbow
A slower but powerful weapon used by French and mercenaries.
Pavise
A large shield used to protect crossbowmen while reloading.
Cannon
Early artillery that changed siege warfare, used by both French and English.
Lance
A long spear used in cavalry charges.
Claymore
A large Scottish sword used by Highland warriors.
Warhammer
A weapon designed to crush armor, used by knights.
Horse Collar
Allowed horses to pull heavier loads, improving logistics.
Tandem Harness
Improved horse-drawn transport for supplies and artillery.
Frontal Attack
Direct assault, often ineffective against disciplined archers.
Caracole Tactics
A cavalry maneuver involving rotating gunfire, used later in military history.
Scottish Model of War
Relied on schiltrons (tight infantry formations with spears).
English Model of War
Focused on longbows and disciplined infantry.
Mongol Model of War
Used fast cavalry, archery, and psychological warfare.
French Model of War
Originally relied on heavy cavalry but adapted over time.
