Chapter 9- Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

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cells use ____ to make ATP

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39 Terms

1

cells use ____ to make ATP

the energy stored in food molecules

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2

cellular respiration

converts stored energy into ATP, which is usable energy for cells

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3

ATP

adenosine triphosphate

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4

what kind of pathways is cell respiration

catabolic

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5

how is energy transferred or transformed

change chemical bonds

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6

the ___ of electrons releases the energy stored in organic molecules and the energy is then used to make ATP

relocation

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7

redox reactions

partial or complete transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another

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8

OIL RIG

Oxidation Is Loss of e-, Reduction Is Gain of e-

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9

cell respiration equation

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38ATP

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10

steps of cell respiration

glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain, chemiosmosis

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11

what is needed to start glycolysis

2 ATP

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12

how many ATP are produced during glycolysis

4 ATP

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13

what is the net gain of ATP during glycolysis

2 ATP

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14

what happens to glucose in glycolysis

2ATP split the glucose (6 carbon) molecule into 2 pyruvate (3 carbon each)

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15

what is the other product of glycolysis

2NADH

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16

substrate level phosphorylation

the 2 ATP made during glycolysis is by this process, it is the production of ATP through an enzyme that directly transfers a phosphate group from substrate to ADP

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17

the pyruvate made during glycolysis only enters the mitochondria if

oxygen is present

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18

pyruvate oxidation location

mitochondrial matrix

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19

what happens during pyruvate oxidation

the two pyruvate are converted into acetyl CoA and NADH

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20

byproduct of pyruvate oxidation

2 CO2- 1st release of oxygen

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21

citric acid cycle location

mitochondrial matrix

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22

first step of citric acid cycle

acetyl group of acetyl CoA added to oxaloacetate to form citrate

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23

second step of citric acid cycle

citrate is slowly decomposed back to oxaloacetate

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24

what makes the citric acid cycle a cycle

recycling of oxaloacetate

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25

how many turns of the cycle are there

2, one for each acetyl CoA

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26

what are the outputs of the citric acid cycle

2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 4CO2- final CO2 release

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27

what holds most of the energy extracted from glucose

NADH and FADH2 (electron carriers)

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28

what is the electron transport chain

a series of proteins that transport electrons, which releases energy used to make ATP

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29

where is the ETC

embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondria

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30

what does the ETC do

creates a protein gradient

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31

how does chemiosmosis work

the protons diffuse through ATP synthase and ATP is made by ADP + P

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32

the ETC is organized into ___ complexes

four

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33

how many ATPs are made for each molecule of FADH2

2 ATP

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34

how many ATPs are made for each molecule of NADH

3 ATP

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35

fermentation

an extension of glycolysis that makes a small amount of ATP from pyruvate in the absence of oxygen

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36

2 types of fermentation

lactic acid and alcohol

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37

when does lactic acid fermentation occur

muscle cells during strenuous activity, used in production of cheese and yogurt

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38

when does alcohol fermentation occur

used in production of wine, beer, and bread

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39

feedback inhibition

end product of an anabolic pathways inhibits an enzyme early in the pathway and prevents a cell from producing an excess of a particular substance

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