Chapter 9- Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

cells use ____ to make ATP

the energy stored in food molecules

cellular respiration

converts stored energy into ATP, which is usable energy for cells

ATP

adenosine triphosphate

what kind of pathways is cell respiration

catabolic

how is energy transferred or transformed

change chemical bonds

the ___ of electrons releases the energy stored in organic molecules and the energy is then used to make ATP

relocation

redox reactions

partial or complete transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another

OIL RIG

Oxidation Is Loss of e-, Reduction Is Gain of e-

cell respiration equation

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38ATP

steps of cell respiration

glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain, chemiosmosis

what is needed to start glycolysis

2 ATP

how many ATP are produced during glycolysis

4 ATP

what is the net gain of ATP during glycolysis

2 ATP

what happens to glucose in glycolysis

2ATP split the glucose (6 carbon) molecule into 2 pyruvate (3 carbon each)

what is the other product of glycolysis

2NADH

substrate level phosphorylation

the 2 ATP made during glycolysis is by this process, it is the production of ATP through an enzyme that directly transfers a phosphate group from substrate to ADP

the pyruvate made during glycolysis only enters the mitochondria if

oxygen is present

pyruvate oxidation location

mitochondrial matrix

what happens during pyruvate oxidation

the two pyruvate are converted into acetyl CoA and NADH

byproduct of pyruvate oxidation

2 CO2- 1st release of oxygen

citric acid cycle location

mitochondrial matrix

first step of citric acid cycle

acetyl group of acetyl CoA added to oxaloacetate to form citrate

second step of citric acid cycle

citrate is slowly decomposed back to oxaloacetate

what makes the citric acid cycle a cycle

recycling of oxaloacetate

how many turns of the cycle are there

2, one for each acetyl CoA

what are the outputs of the citric acid cycle

2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 4CO2- final CO2 release

what holds most of the energy extracted from glucose

NADH and FADH2 (electron carriers)

what is the electron transport chain

a series of proteins that transport electrons, which releases energy used to make ATP

where is the ETC

embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondria

what does the ETC do

creates a protein gradient

how does chemiosmosis work

the protons diffuse through ATP synthase and ATP is made by ADP + P

the ETC is organized into ___ complexes

four

how many ATPs are made for each molecule of FADH2

2 ATP

how many ATPs are made for each molecule of NADH

3 ATP

fermentation

an extension of glycolysis that makes a small amount of ATP from pyruvate in the absence of oxygen

2 types of fermentation

lactic acid and alcohol

when does lactic acid fermentation occur

muscle cells during strenuous activity, used in production of cheese and yogurt

when does alcohol fermentation occur

used in production of wine, beer, and bread

feedback inhibition

end product of an anabolic pathways inhibits an enzyme early in the pathway and prevents a cell from producing an excess of a particular substance