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cells use ____ to make ATP
the energy stored in food molecules
cellular respiration
converts stored energy into ATP, which is usable energy for cells
ATP
adenosine triphosphate
what kind of pathways is cell respiration
catabolic
how is energy transferred or transformed
change chemical bonds
the ___ of electrons releases the energy stored in organic molecules and the energy is then used to make ATP
relocation
redox reactions
partial or complete transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another
OIL RIG
Oxidation Is Loss of e-, Reduction Is Gain of e-
cell respiration equation
C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38ATP
steps of cell respiration
glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain, chemiosmosis
what is needed to start glycolysis
2 ATP
how many ATP are produced during glycolysis
4 ATP
what is the net gain of ATP during glycolysis
2 ATP
what happens to glucose in glycolysis
2ATP split the glucose (6 carbon) molecule into 2 pyruvate (3 carbon each)
what is the other product of glycolysis
2NADH
substrate level phosphorylation
the 2 ATP made during glycolysis is by this process, it is the production of ATP through an enzyme that directly transfers a phosphate group from substrate to ADP
the pyruvate made during glycolysis only enters the mitochondria if
oxygen is present
pyruvate oxidation location
mitochondrial matrix
what happens during pyruvate oxidation
the two pyruvate are converted into acetyl CoA and NADH
byproduct of pyruvate oxidation
2 CO2- 1st release of oxygen
citric acid cycle location
mitochondrial matrix
first step of citric acid cycle
acetyl group of acetyl CoA added to oxaloacetate to form citrate
second step of citric acid cycle
citrate is slowly decomposed back to oxaloacetate
what makes the citric acid cycle a cycle
recycling of oxaloacetate
how many turns of the cycle are there
2, one for each acetyl CoA
what are the outputs of the citric acid cycle
2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 4CO2- final CO2 release
what holds most of the energy extracted from glucose
NADH and FADH2 (electron carriers)
what is the electron transport chain
a series of proteins that transport electrons, which releases energy used to make ATP
where is the ETC
embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondria
what does the ETC do
creates a protein gradient
how does chemiosmosis work
the protons diffuse through ATP synthase and ATP is made by ADP + P
the ETC is organized into ___ complexes
four
how many ATPs are made for each molecule of FADH2
2 ATP
how many ATPs are made for each molecule of NADH
3 ATP
fermentation
an extension of glycolysis that makes a small amount of ATP from pyruvate in the absence of oxygen
2 types of fermentation
lactic acid and alcohol
when does lactic acid fermentation occur
muscle cells during strenuous activity, used in production of cheese and yogurt
when does alcohol fermentation occur
used in production of wine, beer, and bread
feedback inhibition
end product of an anabolic pathways inhibits an enzyme early in the pathway and prevents a cell from producing an excess of a particular substance