THE 19TH CENTURY AS RIZAL'S CONTEXT

Vocabulary flashcards covering key concepts, terms, and events from the 19th century context of Rizal.

Modernity

The shift from tradition to new ideas, attitudes, and institutions signaling a transition to a new era.

Industrial Revolution

A period of rapid industrialization introducing mechanization in production, transportation, and communication, changing work, urbanization, and society.

Age of Revolution

The era of political revolutions influenced by Enlightenment values of reason, individual rights, nationalism, and a move away from monarchies.

Galleon Trade (Manila-Acapulco Trade)

A Spanish-controlled sea-route linking Manila and Acapulco, monopolized by the Crown and governing colonial trade.

Mercantilism

Economic policy focused on accumulating wealth through controlled trade, colonial power, and dependence on colonies for raw materials and markets.

End of the Galleon Trade

A decree in the early 19th century ending the Galleon Trade, opening the Philippines to world commerce (formal openness by 1834).

Cash crops

Agricultural crops grown for sale in markets (rather than for local subsistence), such as tobacco and sugar.

Inquilinos

Wealthy Filipino tenants who subleased large haciendas from friars and sublet to indigenous farmers; a key class in agrarian production.

Ilustrados

Educated Filipinos who sought reforms to achieve equality with Spaniards and helped fuel late 19th‑century nationalism.

Education Decree of 1863

Spanish colonial policy that mandated a nationwide public primary education system with at least one primary school per town for boys and girls.

Ateneo (Ateneo de Manila)

Jesuit-run secondary school established in 1865, with a humanistic and advanced curriculum that broadened Filipino perspectives.

Humanistic education

An educational approach emphasizing literature, science, philosophy, and ideals of dignity, justice, and equality.

Suez Canal

A canal whose construction shortened travel between Europe and the Philippines, boosting trade and enabling more intensive crop production.

Nationalism

A growing sense of pride and identity among Filipinos leading to calls for greater political influence or independence.

Philippine Independence movement

A movement in the late 19th century aiming for self-rule and national sovereignty, culminating in significant political change.

Rizal's context

The 19th‑century Philippine setting of global change, colonial policy, economic transformation, and educational reform that shaped Rizal’s life and ideas.

Spread of education (access to schooling)

The expansion of educational opportunities to middle and lower-middle-class Filipinos, fostering liberal and progressive ideas.

Colonial education limitations (racial hierarchy in education)

A system where access to higher education was largely reserved for Spaniards and Spanish mestizos, with natives facing significant barriers.