SLP Praxis Practice Test

Researchers often use cross-sectional studies to study children's development in various areas. What is a difficulty with cross-sectional studies?

1. The same subjects are studied over time, and this is expensive, time consuming, and difficult because subjects might drop out of the study.

2. The investigator is examining data already on file to answer questions about children in various age groups, and that data might not be reliable.

3. Observations are made of differences between subjects of different ages to generalize about developmental changes that would occur within subjects as they mature.

4. The total age span of children to be studied is divided into several overlapping age spans, and it is difficult to follow subjects from the lower to the upper end of each age span.

Observations are made of differences between subjects of different ages to generalize about developmental changes that would occur within subjects as they mature.

Based on client observation, how can a clinician determine whether a client has normal disfluencies or abnormal dysfluencies?

1. Any presence of secondary behaviors

2. The presence of any prolongations

3. A pitch decrease during the moment of stuttering

4. Consistent rhythm and tone of a client's voice

1. Any presence of secondary behaviors

Valentina, a 5-year-old Puerto Rican girl, was just added to your caseload. She was diagnosed with autism when she was 3 years old. Valentina shows resistance and aggressive behaviors, along with inattention. She also has many deficits in expressive and receptive language, as well as articulation problems. Since Valentina is a new client to the facility, you are looking to establish initial communication skills, such as words and phrases, grammatical morphemes, and articulation of speech sounds. You also wish to treat her using discrete trial methods in which target skills are taught with massed trials, as well as the use of modeling, prompting, and shaping throughout therapy. Which type of teaching would you be using when treating Valentina?

1. Direct teaching

2. Activity-based teaching

3. Incidental teaching

4. Naturalistic teaching

1. Direct teaching

Which of the following statements is false?

1. Wernicke's area in the temporal lobe is critical to comprehending spoken language.

2. Wernicke's area is connected to Broca's area in the frontal lobe through the arcuate fasciculus.

3. The occipital lobe contains the primary visual cortex.

4. The angular gyrus in the occipital lobe is important for interpreting somesthetic sensations such as pain, touch, and temperature.

4. The angular gyrus in the occipital lobe is important for interpreting somesthetic sensations such as pain, touch, and temperature.

A client comes to your office for an evaluation and provides you with reports from other professionals who have previously seen the client. How should you use this information?

1. The information most likely creates a biased view of a client's condition and should not be heavily considered.

2. You should consider the information but rely primarily on your own direct observation and evaluation results.

3. If the information identifies specific treatment options and alternatives, you should use these options and alternatives for the client.

4. The information is not legal to obtain because it is from another professional, which means you should not use it to help you evaluate your client.

2. You should consider the information but rely primarily on your own direct observation and evaluation results.

There are two broad levels of human communication: verbal communication and nonverbal communication. Verbal communication uses words as symbols to exchange ideas. Nonverbal communication includes many behaviors that communicate with or without the associated production of symbols. Which of the following is not an example of nonverbal communication?

1. Facial expression

2. American Sign Language

3. Body language

4. Extralinguistic communication

2. American Sign Language

When determining a child's mean length of utterance, the following should be considered two morphemes:

1. Present progressive -ing

2. Auxiliary verbs

3. Proper names

4. Fillers

1. Present progressive -ing

In an educational setting, when is the curriculum for a student with a disability planned?

1. During the individualized education plan (IEP) meeting

2. During a meeting between the special education director and the parents

3. All education providers communicate through e-mail to explain what they will contribute to the curriculum.

4. It is not necessary to plan a curriculum for a student with a disability because curriculums for all disabilities have already been created.

1. During the individualized education plan (IEP) meeting

When treating apraxia of speech (AOS), some clinicians teach clients to shape articulatory productions and capitalize on productions that are automatic. This technique includes the use of phoneme drills. What is this referred to as?

1. Voluntary control of involuntary utterances

2. Prompts for reconstructing oral muscular targets

3. Darley, Aronson, and Brown's (1975) procedure for AOS

4. Eight-step continuum treatment for AOS

3. Darley, Aronson, and Brown's (1975) procedure for AOS

When treating tongue thrust, which of the following are the primary articulatory targets?

/g/

/k/

/s/

/m/

/h/

/z/

/b/

/s/ /z/

If a client is having difficulty producing a word with a vowel, it is important for the clinician to distinguish whether the vowel is tense or lax. What is the best way for a clinician to quickly discern a lax vowel from a tense vowel?

1. Look at whether the vowel is rounded or unrounded

2. Tense vowels are relatively long in duration

3. Lax vowels are relatively long in duration

4. Tense vowels are relatively short in duration

2. Tense vowels are relatively long in duration

As a speech-language pathologist, how would you manage associated attentional problems for a client with cerebral palsy?

1. Teaching breath cycle to pattern the patient's breathing

2. Using behavioral treatment to address the attention deficit that the child may exhibit during sessions

3. Incorporating longer, less frequent therapy sessions

4. Providing longer treatment activities to hold the patient's attention

2. Using behavioral treatment to address the attention deficit that the child may exhibit during sessions

How do most professionals generally categorize cerebral palsy?

1. Prenatal, perinatal, postnatal

2. Hemiplegia, monoplegia, diplegia

3. Hemiplegia, athetoid, postnatal

4. Ataxic, athetoid, spastic types

4. Ataxic, athetoid, spastic types

Which of the following is not a typical age-related change in the larynx?

1. Hardening of the laryngeal cartilages

2. Velopharyngeal insufficiency

3. Degeneration and atrophy of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles

4. Degenerative changes in the lamina propria

2. Velopharyngeal insufficiency

You are testing a child whose primary language is not English. You use the services of an interpreter. To facilitate accurate interpreting, all of the following are appropriate except:

Speaking in short units with frequent pauses

Encouraging the interpreter to interpret the client's words and meaning

Providing the interpreter with the opportunity to ask for clarification when needed

Looking at the interpreter rather than the client when speaking

Looking at the interpreter rather than the client when speaking

Which of the following statements is false regarding Public Law 99-457?

It increased federal support for services to children with disabilities 3 to 6 years of age and provided funding for infants and toddlers.

It requires the development of individualized family service plans.

It allows at-risk preschool children (not just those with documented disabilities) to be eligible for special education services.

It requires states to report preschool children by disability category.

It requires states to report preschool children by disability category.

A student is reviewing information for a final exam. She discusses in her study group that a cause of cerebral palsy involves _________:

Injury to the cerebral oxygen levels during the prenatal or perinatal period

Reduced glucose levels

Injury to the limbic system

Damage to the meninges

Injury to the cerebral oxygen levels during the prenatal or perinatal period

Which of the following is the most common form of mixed cerebral palsy?

Dyskinetic-athetoid

Ataxic-dyskinetic

Spastic-ataxic

Spastic-dyskinetic

Spastic-dyskinetic

A 2-month-old baby is being seen for an evaluation. The parents mention that it appears that the child is having problems with abdominal pain, intense crying, and clenched fists. The parents also mention that the child is drawing the knees to the stomach and arching the back when crying. When exploring the caregiver-infant attachment, it is important to know the temperament of the infant, because it is known that temperament affects the caregiver-infant attachment. It is possible that the child is experiencing:

Regular schedules

Routine meals

Dysphagia

Colic

Colic

In developing a test with 100 items, a test developer correlates responses to the first 50 items with responses to the last 50 items. What is this intended to evaluate?

Test-retest reliability

Interjudge reliability

Split-half reliability

Parallel form reliability

Split-half reliability

Which is not a primary objective of assessment for patients with disordered consciousness?

Determine the patient's level of consciousness.

Get a sense of the nature and severity of the patient's injuries.

Consider environmental conditions.

Estimate the patient's physical, behavioral, and cognitive recovery between time of injury and the time of assessment.

Consider environmental conditions.

Hilda Sorenson, a 28-year old college student is having difficulties with breathing. She complains of wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath. The physician recommends ____________ which is a pulmonary function test that measures how much air she can breathe in and out of the lungs. The physician mentions to Hilda that the test also measures how fast and easily she is able to blow air out of the lungs.

bronchoscopy

pulse oximetry

spirometry

Bronchoprovocation

spirometry

You have been asked to counsel with John, a 70-year-old man who has smoked and drank alcohol since he was a teenager. He now has laryngeal cancer, and, before surgery, the surgeon asks you to talk with John about esophageal speech. You explain to John that there are two basic types of esophageal speech. In one method, the patient is taught to keep the esophagus open and relaxed while inhaling rapidly. In the other method, the patient impounds the air in the oral cavity, pushes it back into the esophagus, and vibrates the cricopharyngeus muscle. What is the second method called?

Inhalation method

Laryngeal airway resistance method

Inhalatory injection method

Injection method

Injection method

A speech-language pathologist in a rehabilitation setting is treating an adult. The goal of the clinician is to have the adult use a communication device to make sentences with the correct use of various basic grammatical concepts when describing a set of pictures. This is an example of which of the following goals?

Long-term goal

Unrealistic goal

Isolated goal

Integrated goal

Isolated goal

Vijay, a 70-year-old man, attends a clinic for a hearing evaluation. After conducting testing, the audiologist mentions that a common cause of conductive hearing loss where there is a buildup of spongifying bone on the osseous labyrinth that immobilizes the footplate of the stapes and interferes with sound transmission to the inner ear is:

Meniere's disease

Otosclerosis

Otitis media

Acoustic neuroma

Otosclerosis

This inherited condition is a neurological disorder characterized by uncontrolled vocal sounds and repeating involuntary movements:

Treacher Collins syndrome

Tourette syndrome

Pierre-Robin syndrome

Fragile X syndrome

Tourette syndrome

In general, augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) symbols and techniques may be divided into which of the following two categories?

Aided

Unaided

Rated

Independent

Aided

Unaided

You have been asked to give an in-service to a group of students who wish to eventually specialize in service delivery to children with cleft palates and their families. The students want to know detailed information about in utero development of the hard and soft palates (among other things). You can accurately tell them that in utero the hard palate fuses between which developmental ages?

1-2 weeks

4-6 weeks

8-9 weeks

10-12 weeks

8-9 weeks

In administering indirect therapy to reduce stuttering, parents are encouraged to

give a signal to stop and then ask the child to start talking again.

give a signal to stop, ask the child to describe the problem, and then let the child continue to talk.

ask the child to keep quiet for 20 seconds before resuming speech.

reduce their own rate of speech.

While the cause of Parkinson's disease remains unknown, it is associated with a progressive decline in the concentration of which neurotransmitter in the brain?

Serotonin

Dopamine

Norepinephrine

Epinephrine

Dopamine

You are treating a 76-year-old woman with dementia. The patient presents with confusion. The patient's daughter informs you that she would like you to provide suggestions that may improve the quality of her mother's life. You suggest a therapy that would include orientation information. This would include providing the patient with information about time, person, and place. You mention to the daughter that this may improve an understanding and awareness of the environment. You also suggest that this information should be provided to the patient at fixed times throughout the day; however, you inform the daughter that there is no guarantee that this technique will work. This treatment method is an example of

reality orientation (RO).

fast mapping therapy (FMT).

simuated presence therapy (SPT).

cognitive stimulation therapy (CST).

reality orientation (RO)

When we assess English Learners (ELs) in the public schools for the presence of a communication disorder, we need to remember that federal law specifically mandates which of the following treatment guidelines?

Only children with severe disabilities are entitled to a free and appropriate public education.

Testing and evaluation materials must be provided and administered in the language or other mode of communication in which the child is most proficient.

All students must be tested in English.

The services of an interpreter must always be used, even if the student's dominant language is English.

Testing and evaluation materials must be provided and administered in the language or other mode of communication in which the child is most proficient.

With regard to human communication, which of the following viewpoints engages in the study of social interaction among individuals and influence on the behaviors of others?

Behavioral

Analytical

Theoretical

Linguistic

Behavioral

In June, you are asked to assess the language skills of Tony, a boy with Down syndrome. He is 4 years 9 months old, and his parents tell you that they want him to begin kindergarten in September, when he turns 5. You assess Tony's receptive and expressive language skills, and you find that he has an average mean length of utterance of 3.0. He has an expressive vocabulary of 300 words. He overregularizes past-tense inflections and sustains a topic of conversation approximately 20% of the time. What do you tell Tony's parents?

Tony's language skills are not like those of a typically developing child; they are deviant, and he needs to attend a special school for students with Down syndrome.

Tony's overall language skills are generally within normal limits for his age.

Tony's language skills are generally commensurate with those of a 2-to3-year-old child, and starting kindergarten in September would be difficult for him.

Though Tony's language skills are approximately 6 months delayed for his age, he should be successful in a kindergarten classroom with typically developing children.

Tony's language skills are generally commensurate with those of a 2-to3-year-old child, and starting kindergarten in September would be difficult for him.

What determines the intensity at each harmonic in vowel production?

Nothing

Respiration

Vocal folds

Vocal tract

Vocal tract

Tim, a 7-year-old boy with autism, is receiving speech-language therapy in school. Tim is working on increasing pragmatic language use. When teaching language and communication to a client like Tim, it is important to remember to:

encourage autistic leading.

give indirect training.

teach one example of the target skill.

use a variety of stimuli to promote generalizations of skills.

use a variety of stimuli to promote generalizations of skills.

Which of the following is not a common etiology of hyperkinetic dysarthria?

Parkinson's disease

Huntington's disease

Seizure disorders

Brainstem stroke

Parkinson's disease

You are working in a public school, and a distraught parent calls you. She states that her son who was prenatally exposed to drugs has been denied special education services including speech-language intervention. Why may children who are prenatally exposed to drugs be denied services in public schools?

Their language problems are not severe enough to qualify.

They do not have other kinds of problems associated with disorders of communication.

They are classified as having learning disabilities, not language impairments.

Their language problems are not readily detected by standardized language measures.

Their language problems are not readily detected by standardized language measures.

The structure at the inferior portion of the tongue that connects the tongue with the mandible is called the

dorsum.

root.

blade.

lingual frenulum.

lingual frenulum.

A new client has just been added to your caseload. After an oral mechanism examination, it is clear that your client has difficulty elevating his velopharyngeal muscles during speech. What will the patient's voice sound like based on this information about the inability to raise the velopharyngeal muscles?

Breathy

Hypernasal

Hoarse

Harsh

Hypernasal

When completing a language evaluation, it is important for a speech-language pathologist to understand the basic elements of language. The five components of language include semantics, syntax, morphology, pragmatics, and phonology. Which component of language refers to the rules governing grammatical constellation of language units?

Phonologic

Morphologic

Syntactic

Semantic

Syntactic

When screening a young preschooler named, Joel, you engage in play using available toys. During the screening, Joel pretended he was making food while using colored blocks and put a teddy bear to sleep by singing it a lullaby. Which of the following sensorimotor foundations for language is Joel displaying?

Imitation

Means-end

Object permanence

Symbolic function

Symbolic function

A 73-year-old Cantonese-speaking gentleman, Mr. Fung, has had a stroke. You are seeing him for therapy in an outpatient rehabilitation setting. He is recovering both his Cantonese and his English skills, but you are conducting therapy in English only because a Cantonese-speaking speech-language pathologist is not available. Which one of the following productions would be an example, on Mr. Fung's part, of English influenced by his primary language of Cantonese and not necessarily his current neurological status?

"He not have no most money in his pocket."

"She coming over here now."

"We don't no done got to have breakfast now."

"I done axed them for help."

"She coming over here now."

There are four guidelines for designing a care plan that maximizes overall patient function. Which of the following guidelines would not be helpful for patient function during a treatment session?

Strengthen knowledge to potentially improve function.

Increase demands on impaired cognitive systems.

Provide stimuli that evoke positive memory and emotion.

Promote the use of intact cognitive systems.

Increase demands on impaired cognitive systems.

All of the following are important to keep in mind during treatment of speech sound disorders in children with a cleft palate, except:

Training on /k/ and /g/ may be inappropriate, depending on individual velopharyngeal functioning.

Compensatory articulatory positioning should not be used in any case.

Stops and fricatives are taught before other sound classes.

Frequent auditory and visual cues should be used as needed.

Compensatory articulatory positioning should not be used in any case.

In the scientific method, what is the experiment-first-and-explain-later approach?

Deductive method

Null hypothesis method

Inductive method

Alternative hypothesis method

Inductive method

A study that is used to quantify the time and frequency of gastroesophageal reflux into the esophagus is called

an esophageal reflux monitoring study.

a GER monitoring study.

a pH probe or intraluminal pH monitoring study.

a UGI series.

a pH probe or intraluminal pH monitoring study.

A 5-year-old client with a cleft palate was just added to your caseload. During the first treatment session, the child's mother noted that she was concerned about her daughter's vocal quality. Because you have knowledge of the laryngeal and vocal disorders that may arise from clefts, you indicate to the mother that all of the following are possible, except:

Vocal nodules

Hypertrophy and edema of the vocal folds

Resonance disorders

Spasmodic dysphonia

Spasmodic dysphonia

In treating the communication deficits of a young adult with traumatic brain injury, you would do which of the following?

Refrain from using techniques to increase orientation and attention because the inappropriateness of these treatment targets subside in due course.

Exclusively use cognitive rehabilitation.

Introduce a variety of treatment activities to promote faster recovery.

Withhold attention from irrelevant and inappropriate responses.

Withhold attention from irrelevant and inappropriate responses.

A patient complains of aching pains, tingling sensations, and coldness. The speech-language pathologist's evaluation reveals that patient's voice is soft, breathy, and hoarse. Other symptoms include a mask-like face with slurred speech that sounds monotone. The clinician notices bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor, and impaired postural reflexes. Based on these symptoms, what would you most likely diagnose this patient with?

Apraxia

Parkinson's disease

Vascular dementia

Huntington's disease

Parkinson's disease

Select the statement that is true of speech-language sampling.

Ask as many yes/no questions as possible.

To avoid the influence of familiarity, ask the parents not to bring stimuli from home.

Ask multiple choice questions at the same time to see which questions are answered.

Frequently repeat what the child says.

Frequently repeat what the child says.

Which of the following is true about a closed head traumatic brain injury?

It involves penetration of a foreign substance into the brain.

It involves torn or lacerated meninges.

If the meninges are intact, the injury may be considered to be closed head if the skull is fractured.

Regardless of the circumstances, the injury cannot be considered to be closed head if the skull is fractured.

If the meninges are intact, the injury may be considered to be closed head if the skull is fractured.

Speech rate modification is a significant goal for patients with

dementia.

Wernicke's aphasia.

right hemisphere syndrome.

Dysarthria.

Dysarthria

You are seeing Jeremy, a 15-year-old patient, who had surgery to correct his cleft lip and palate. Jeremy presents with mild to moderate hypernasality and has noted that it negatively affects his quality of life. Jeremy uses strategies to decrease his hypernasality, but noted that he has difficulty hearing a difference. You mention to him that you will be using instrumentation to provide visual feedback of target nasalance that will indicate the amount of nasalance that he is presenting. This instrumental technique is called:

Videostroboscopy

Nasometry

Electromyography

Spirometry

Nasometry

A code is a system of rules for arranging arbitrary symbols in an orderly, predictable, systematic manner that allows anyone to know the code to interpret the message. Which type of code is a speech-language pathologist likely to teach someone with a communication device?

Morse code

Steganography

ROT1

Transposition

Morse code

Vowels are produced with a relatively open vocal tract. There will always be a fundamental and harmonics for vowels. We perceive vowel differences by the relationship between formants. How are vowels perceived?

Spacing of the formants

The fundamental frequency

The height of each formant

The height of each harmonic

Spacing of the formants

When treating most transgender clients, the primary voice concern is achieving appropriate pitch. Vocal pitch factors that need to be modified include all of the following, except:

Increasing intonational variability

Changing fundamental frequency

Reducing excessive muscular tension

Modifying the lower and upper limits of the frequency range

Reducing excessive muscular tension

The reticular formation is associated with respiratory control and swallowing. It is housed in the:

Cerebrum

Cerebellum

Somatosensory cortex

Brainstem

Brainstem

A 67-year-old man comes to you for an evaluation. He states that his voice has been getting "weaker" for the last 5 or 6 months. During oral peripheral examination, you find that he has fasciculations (tremors) of the tongue and some general facial weakness. What is the first thing you do?

Refer him to a psychologist for an evaluation.

Take detailed notes and tell him to come back in 6 months.

Begin voice therapy, focusing on strengthening exercises.

Refer him to a neurologist for an evaluation.

Refer him to a neurologist for an evaluation.

During child language intervention, a child says, "Bake cake" and the clinician responds with, "Yes, we are baking a big, pink cake with rainbow sprinkles for your birthday." This is an example of:

Expansion

Extension

Incidental teaching

Prompting

Extension

Which is not an appropriate treatment method when treating articulation and phonological disorders for a client with cerebral palsy?

Assess the child's specific sound errors and error patterns.

Evaluate the compensatory articulatory postures the child uses.

Generalize techniques that have worked for previous clients with cerebral palsy, and not individualizing therapy.

Teach specific phonemes or the classes of phonemes based on distinctive features or phonological patterns.

Generalize techniques that have worked for previous clients with cerebral palsy, and not individualizing therapy.

Injecting botulinum toxin (Botox) directly into one or both folds (thyroarytenoid muscles) has been used for which of the following voice conditions?

Laryngeal webs

Spasmodic dysphonia

Carcinoma

Polyps

Spasmodic dysphonia

A 55-year old man comes to you stating that he has been sounding hoarse for the last few months. He also states that he has difficulty swallowing, ear pain, and a lump in his neck. He shares with you that he has an ongoing sore throat. You suspect that his diagnosis will probably be:

Laryngeal web

Laryngeal cancer

Vocal nodules

Granuloma

Laryngeal cancer

Select the statement that is true of the screening procedure.

It results in a diagnosis.

It helps determine whether a clients needs a more complete assessment.

It leads into an immediate treatment program.

It is typically not performed in the schools.

It helps determine whether a clients needs a more complete assessment.

Kinetic energy is energy that is being used. Over time, kinetic energy is transformed to thermal energy and the result of this is damping or damped vibration. What is damping?

Periodically allowing motion to pass

Opposition to motion

Opposition to frequency

Periodically controlling energy

Opposition to motion

Peter has suffered a cerebrovascular accident (CVA); the neurologist reports lesions in the third convolution of the left cerebral hemisphere. Based on this, you conclude that the damaged area is

the occipital lobe.

the basal ganglia.

Wernicke's area.

Broca's area.

Broca's area.

A 72-year-old client suffered a stroke and had issues with poor memory, short attention span, rambling speech, impulsive behavior, left neglect, understanding jokes, and logically sequencing tasks. Based on this information, the physician mentioned to the family that the patient probably suffered:

Cranial nerve X damage

damage to the hippocampus

Left hemisphere brain damage

Right hemisphere brain damage

Right hemisphere brain damage

The intercostal muscles are between the ribs and play an important role in respiration. The two sets of intercostals perform different functions. Select the correct statement.

The 11 paired internal intercostal muscles pull the ribs downward to decrease the diameter of the thoracic cavity for exhalation.

The 11 paired external intercostal muscles pull the ribs upward to increase the diameter of the thoracic cavity for exhalation.

The 10 paired internal intercostal muscles raise the ribs up and out to increase the diameter of the thoracic cavity for exhalation.

The 10 paired external intercostal muscles pull the ribs down to decrease the diameter of the thoracic cavity for inhalation.

The 11 paired internal intercostal muscles pull the ribs downward to decrease the diameter of the thoracic cavity for exhalation.

An audiologist is testing a client in a soundproof booth. She asks her client to put on headphones that deliver the sound stimulus directly to the ear. The audiologist tells the client that if she hears a sound, she should respond by holding up her hand or pressing a switch that lights up on the audiometer. What test is being conducted?

Air conduction

Auditory brainstem response

Tympanometry

Speech recognition

Air conduction

Which of the following is a quick screening test for aphasia that can be administered verbally and completed in about 5 to 15 minutes?

Duration Aphasia Screening Test

SAGE Test

New York Cognitive Screening Test

Mississippi Aphasia Screening Test

Mississippi Aphasia Screening Test

You are developing an individualized education program (IEP) for a 5-year-old with multiple articulation errors. The statement, "The student will receive speech pathology services for 30 minutes twice a week starting October 12th," belongs in which section of the IEP?

Special education and related services needed

Amount and duration of services

Need statements

Short-term instructional objectives

Amount and duration of services

According to the Nyquist theorem (1928), to represent a signal faithfully, it must be sampled at a rate equal to twice its highest frequency. Brick-wall filtering works with the Nyquist theorem when analyzing data. What is the purpose of Brick-wall filtering?

The brick-wall filter removes all of the energy below the Nyquist frequency.

The brick-wall filter doubles all of the energy above the Nyquist frequency.

The brick-wall filter doubles all of the energy below the Nyquist frequency.

The brick-wall filter removes all of the energy above the Nyquist frequency.

The brick-wall filter removes all of the energy above the Nyquist frequency.

Social interactionist theorists believe that

specific stimulus-response reinforcement principles play an important role in children's language acquisition.

language function, not structure, should be emphasized in language acquisition.

the structure of human language may have arisen from language's social communicative function in human relations.

in therapy with children with language delays, we should emphasize syntax.

the structure of human language may have arisen from language's social communicative function in human relations.

Debbie, an 80-year-old female who recently underwent brain surgery, is presenting with imprecise and weak pressure consonants, diminished reflexes, and hypotonia. Based on these symptoms, your patient is most likely presenting with which of the following types of dysarthria?

Ataxic dysarthria

Flaccid dysarthria

Hyperkinetic dysarthria

Hypokinetic dysarthria

Flaccid dysarthria

The components of an AAC system are crucial to consider during an assessment. When assessing a young child, you evaluate the way the individual will use and interact with the system, including the user interface, selection method, and output. What type of components are being described?

Primary components

Secondary components

Tertiary components

Global components

Secondary components

You are conducting an oral peripheral examination with Sally Ann, a 10-year old girl. She has a speech sound disorder (SSD), and you are looking for possible physical variables that may be contributing to this SSD. You discover that Sally Ann's maxilla is receded and her mandible is protruded. This indicates that Sally Ann has a(n):

Class III malocclusion

Class II malocclusion

Class I malocclusion

Overjet

Class III malocclusion

Virat, a 72-year-old patient, was added to your caseload because he presented with dysphagia. Your evaluation indicated a mild to moderate oral phase dysphagia. During your initial treatment session, Virat noted that he had previously completed oral-motor exercises and that he would like to continue them, as they seemed to help. You decide to trial Virat's stimulability for these exercises as part of his plan of treatment and need to discuss the purpose and goal of using these exercises with him. You explain to Virat that the following is not a goal of oral-motor control exercises:

Increase movement of the base of the tongue

Increase range of tongue movements

Increase buccal tension

Increase the range of lateral movements of the jaw

Increase movement of the base of the tongue

To understand a spectrogram during analysis of a sound spectrum, there is an x axis and a y axis. What two measurements are needed for either the x axis or y axis?

Time

Amplitude

Frequency

Intensity

time, frequency

What does the intervention for comatose or semi-comatose primarily consist of?

Visual processing

Motor reflexes

Sensory stimulation

Memory impairments

Sensory stimulation

A special educator tells a disruptive boy in her class that he cannot have tokens (which can later be exchanged for a small gift) if he leaves his chair and wanders around the classroom. He is reinforced for many acceptable behaviors. This is an example of

differential reinforcement of other behavior.

differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior.

negative reinforcement.

Punishment.

differential reinforcement of other behavior.

When two vowels are combined (e.g., /ei/ in shake and lace), it results in a continuous change in the shape of the vocal tract. These sounds are called

allophones.

phonemes.

morphemes.

Diphthongs.

Diphthongs

When differentiating articulation from phonological disorders, what is the purpose of summarizing the collapse of phonetic contrasts?

To determine any sound or sound blends that characterize different phonemes

To determine what sounds are inconsistently used

To determine any substitutions that characterize more than one target phoneme

To determine what sounds are consistently used

To determine any substitutions that characterize more than one target phoneme

When screening children and assessing their communication, it is important to assess sensorimotor foundations for language. Means-end is an example of a sensorimotor foundation for language. What is meant by the term means-end?

Representing one thing by using something else

Attaining a desired goal through purposeful action

Recognizing the behavior of others and reproducing it

Understanding that things still exist when not in sight

Attaining a desired goal through purposeful action

When is a speech-language pathologist responsible for counseling a laryngeal cancer patient in terms of their speech and swallowing treatment?

A speech-language pathologist is not responsible for counseling with regard to speech and swallowing treatment.

A speech-language pathologist should only counsel a patient about speech and swallowing issues if requested by the patient.

A speech-language pathologist should counsel a patient about speech and swallowing prior to treatment.

A speech-language pathologist should only counsel a patient about speech and swallowing after treatment.

A speech-language pathologist should counsel a patient about speech and swallowing prior to treatment.

Which is not part of the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)?

Eye opening

Motor responses

Verbal responses

Range of motion

Range of motion

You are asked to develop a management plan for a patient with right hemisphere syndrome. Your treatment targets would include

pragmatic language impairments.

production of morphologic features.

syntactic skills.

phonological skills.

pragmatic language impairments.

Patients enjoy rights and privileges that concur with obligations of speech-language pathologists. What would be the legal obligation of the speech-language pathologist be if the right of a patient is the right to medical privacy?

The obligation of noninterference by the government

The obligation to provide health care

The obligation to provide health care under statue

The obligation to protect confidential information

The obligation to protect confidential information

The following surgical procedure for patients with a cleft includes a substance that is implanted or injected into the posterior pharyngeal wall to make it bulge:

Pharyngeal flap

Pharyngoplasty

Delayed hard palate closure

The von Langenbeck surgical method

Pharyngoplasty

A patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS; Lou Gehrig's disease) has profound motoric impairments and limited hand mobility. He is not able to use a manual switching device. The medical team decides that he can use a type of augmentative/alternative communication (AAC) that uses bio-electrical signals such as muscle-action potentials to activate and display messages on a computer monitor. This type of AAC is called:

Picture Exchange Communication system

Gestural-assisted AAC

Neuro-assisted AAC

Eye-blink encoding

Neuro-assisted AAC

Which is true:

Some forms of dementia, caused by a toxic reaction to medication, are reversible, especially in their early stages.

All forms of dementia are progressive.

Speech production problems are not associated with Broca's aphasia.

In right hemisphere syndrome, language is more severely impaired than communication.

Some forms of dementia, caused by a toxic reaction to medication, are reversible, especially in their early stages.

The classification of unaided symbols can be separated into which of the following two categories?

Object based

Arbitrary logogaphs

Linguistic

Alphabet-based symbols

Arbitrary shapes

Nonlinguistic

linguistic, nonlinguistic

An investigator carries out a study in which the effect of rate of speech upon stuttering during sibling interaction is being investigated. The investigator gathers conversational samples from children who stutter and their siblings. In the control group, siblings are asked to speak as they normally would at home. In the experimental group, siblings are asked to speak much more quickly than they would at home. The investigator wishes to measure the effect of rate of siblings' speech upon the amount of stuttering done by the children who stutter. In other words, the investigator is asking if increased rate of siblings' speech causes children to stutter more. In this study, what is the dependent variable?

The amount of stuttering done by children who stutter when siblings speak at a slowed rate

The rate of speech of the siblings in the experimental group

The rate of speech of the siblings in the control group

The amount of stuttering done by the children who stutter when the siblings increase their rate of speech

The amount of stuttering done by the children who stutter when the siblings increase their rate of speech

When a person has vocal nodules, the vocal folds vibrate at a slower rate because of

decreased mass.

increased mass.

the s/z ratio.

increased volume.

increased mass.

Which type of laryngectomy physically separates the gastrointestinal tract from the respiratory tract?

Partial laryngectomy

Total laryngectomy

Horizontal laryngectomy

Subglottic laryngectomy

Total laryngectomy

After analyzing data from an articulation test, your data indicate that the child can produce one- and two-syllable words; however, the child has reduced syllable shapes produced as open syllables in two-syllable words. Based on these findings you conclude that:

the child lacks one- and two-syllable words.

two-syllable words were reduced to one-syllable words; however, the child produced multisyllabic words such as "banana."

most of the two-syllable words were reduced by final consonant deletion.

most of the time, the child maintained the CVC structure.

most of the two-syllable words were reduced by final consonant deletion.

Various arteries help supply blood to the face and the brain. Neurogenic communication disorders are associated with interrupted blood supply to the brain. Of the following statements about the arteries that supply blood to the brain, which one is correct

The internal carotid artery supplies the muscles of the face.

Damage to the external carotid artery causes aphasia.

Broca's area and Wernicke's area are supplied by the middle cerebral artery.

If an artery below the circle of Willis is blocked, brain damage is maximal.

Broca's area and Wernicke's area are supplied by the middle cerebral artery.

Rongomaiwhenua was diagnosed with apraxia of speech (AOS). She displays an inability to follow commands and perform voluntary speech movements. Recently, she has been diagnosed with nonverbal oral apraxia (NVOA), a diagnosis that often co-occurs with AOS. With this diagnosis, it can be expected that a lesion would most likely exist in the:

Posterior portion of the insula

Frontal and central opercula

Third temporal convolution

Piriform cortex

Frontal and central opercula

A high school teacher refers a Mandarin-speaking 16-year-old to you for an evaluation. The student and his family came to the United States 2 years ago from China. The teacher says that the student does well academically, but she shares that she has difficulty understanding him when he speaks. When you screen the student, you find some articulation and language differences. Which one of the following would not be predictable based on the student's first language of Mandarin?

Substitutions of t/th (e.g., tin/thin)

Epenthesis in words with consonant blends

Confusions of /r/ and /l/

Substitutions of f/th (e.g., fick/thick)

Substitutions of f/th (e.g., fick/thick)

Which of the following statements is true about cerebral palsy?

All children with cerebral palsy have an intellectual disability.

Cerebral palsy does not occur later in life.

Cerebral palsy is a nonprogressive, nondegenerative disease.

Cerebral palsy is curable.

Cerebral palsy is a nonprogressive, nondegenerative disease.

You are conducting a fluency evaluation and would like to assess fluency skills and stuttering behaviors in a child who is between 4 and 12 years of age. You would like to identify stuttering, determine the severity of stuttering, as well as document changes in fluency functioning over time. This test examines rapid picture naming, modeled sentences, structured conversation, and narration. The test also includes observational rating scales as well as supplemental clinical assessment. You would select the following test:

Overall Assessment of the Speaker's Experience of Stuttering (OASES)

Test of Childhood Stuttering (TOCS)

KiddyCAT Communication Attitude Test

Blood's Analysis of Fluency Disorders

Test of Childhood Stuttering (TOCS)