anatomy 2 quiz

fluid and electrolytes

What does pH measure?

The amount of hydrogen ions in a solution

Angiotensin II causes a(n)

• stimulation of the thirst center and increased release of ADH.

Most potassium loss from the body occurs through

urine

This person has been a lifelong smoker.  He has just been admitted to the hospital with worsening emphysema.

Which of the four Primary Acid-Base disorders can be diagnosed from his lab values?

 

pH 7.30   (normal range is 7.35 to 7.45)

pCO₂  55 mmHg   (normal range is 35 mmHg to 45 mmHg)

HCO₃^-  26mEq/L  (normal range is 22 to 26 mEq/L)

Respiratory acidosis

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is secreted when:

the concentration of solutes in the blood plasma fluid is high.

In order for a state of fluid balance to be achieved, obligatory water loss must equal facultative water loss.

true or false 

false:  fluid balance, total water intake must equal total water output—but obligatory and facultative water loss do not need to be equal.

Impaired renal function within the elderly elevates their risk for acid-base imbalance.

true or false 

true 

This person has Type I Diabetes Mellitus.  He has missed several insulin doses and he is now admitted to the hospital with very high glucose levels and an acid-base disturbance. 

Which of the four Primary Acid-Base disorders can be diagnosed from his lab values?

 

pH 7.23    (normal range is 7.35 to 7.45)

pCO₂  40 mmHg   (normal range is 35 mmHg to 45 mmHg)

HCO₃^-  16mEq/L  (normal range is 22 to 26 mEq/L)

 

Metabolic acidosis

Interstitial fluid has a relatively _______ concentration of sodium and chloride; the concentrations of ions within the interstitial fluid and blood plasma are very ______.

high; similar

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is synthesized in the _________ and released from the _________.

hypothalamus; posterior pituitary

Facultative water loss is loss that

is controlled by hormone effects on the kidney.

This person is in the dentist's waiting room.  He is extremely anxious and is hyperventilating.

Which of the Four Primary Acid-Base disorders can be diagnosed from his lab values?

 

pH 7.50   (normal range is 7.35 to 7.45)

pCO₂  30 mmHg   (normal range is 35 mmHg to 45 mmHg)

HCO₃^-  23 mEq/L  (normal range is 22 to 26 mEq/L)

Respiratory alkalosis

If someone begins to hyperventilate due to anxiety, the CO₂ concentration in their blood decreases; this causes __________ in blood pH.

an increase

This person has been vomiting gastric contents. 

Which of the Four Primary Acid-Base disorders can be diagnosed from his lab values?

 

pH 7.51    (normal range is 7.35 to 7.45)

pCO₂  37 mmHg   (normal range is 35 mmHg to 45 mmHg)

HCO₃^-  29 mEq/L  (normal range is 22 to 26 mEq/L)

Metabolic alkalosis

When blood starts to become more alkaline than normal, the renal tubules begin to

secrete bicarbonate while reabsorbing H⁺ in exchange through type B cells.

When pH decreases, the kidney responds by

Secreting H+

If an individual's respiratory rate decreases, then blood CO₂ levels

rise, blood H+ levels rise, and blood pH falls.

Water lost through feces is considered ___________ water loss.

sensible, obligatory

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is secreted when:

the concentration of solutes in the blood plasma fluid is high.

Most of the fluid in our body is contained within our cells.

true or false

true 

The most abundant anion in the extracellular fluid is

chloride.

Both intracellular proteins (such as hemoglobin) and extracellular proteins (such as plasma proteins) can act as chemical buffers.

true or false 

true Both intracellular proteins (like hemoglobin) and extracellular proteins (like plasma proteins) can act as chemical buffers

Collectively, the renal and respiratory systems comprise the chemical buffering system of the body.

True or False

False

The renal and respiratory systems are part of the physiological buffering systems, not the chemical buffering system.

The filtrate is the fluid that passes from the glomerulus into the glomerular capsular space and is composed of:

blood plasma and small solutes.

The most abundant cation within cells is

potassium.

How are sodium levels and blood pressure related?

Increased plasma sodium levels increase water retention, blood volume, and blood pressure.

Renal failure would likely lead to

volume excess

When the pH of the ECF decreases, K⁺ starts to move from the

ICF to the ECF 

The plasma of our blood constitutes ______ than half of the fluid in our body; plasma is part of the _____________ fluid.

less; extracellular

The hormone ANP

increases urine output and decreases blood volume.

The process by which the kidneys eliminate excess acid or base is relatively

slow (takes hours to days) but powerful.

A (an) _______ is a molecule that releases protons into a solution.

acid 

 A (an) ______ is a molecule that accepts protons or releases OH^- into a solution. 

base

A pH of 5 indicates a (an) __________.

acid 

A pH of 10 indicates a (an) _________.

base/ basic 

A (an) __________ is a chemical system that resists drastic changes in pH.

buffer

Decreased stretch of baroreceptors within the aorta and carotid arteries results in stimulation of the hypothalamus; this stimulation increases ADH secretion.

true or false 

true 

When blood starts to become too acidic, the kidneys respond by

synthesizing and reabsorbing bicarbonate ions while secreting H⁺.

The force that pushes fluid from the capillary into the glomerular capsular space is:

the blood pressure.