L35 - Cell Signalling: Adrenalin

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Last updated 5:31 AM on 6/2/26
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9 Terms

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Adrenalin Cell signalling

uses: G-protein-coupled receptors = 3 things working to together → turn on enzyme

  • a cell-surface receptor/ signal cascade

  • G-proteins: lipid-linked (very mobile) + controlled by GTP

→ active: when signal binds to receptor

  • GTP attached to alphas unit is eventually hydrolyzed to GDP → THUS, will need to be reactivated

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Kinases

kinases = phosphorylate other proteins using ATP

  • regulates target proteins (usually activates them)

  • activity: high or zero

phosphates = remove phosphates

  • usually inactivates a target protein

  • activity: ALWAYS low activity → thus, if kinases are off the target protein is dephosphorylated

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Purpose of Adrenalin signalling

= flight or fight hormone

  • adrenalin/ epinephrine

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Adrenalin Signalling: Activation

  1. adrenal glands release adrenalin via regulated exocytosis

  2. binds to adrenalin receptor → activates G-protein-coupled receptors

  3. adenylyl cyclase: ATP → cAMP

  4. cAMP activates PKA (kinase)

  5. kinase phosphorylates (activates) target protein

activated target protein:

  1. glycogen breakdown

  2. increases heart rate

  3. relaxes diaphragm (can take easier deeper breaths)

<ol><li><p>adrenal glands release adrenalin via regulated exocytosis</p></li><li><p>binds to adrenalin receptor → activates <strong>G-protein-coupled receptors</strong></p></li><li><p>adenylyl cyclase: ATP → cAMP</p></li><li><p>cAMP activates PKA (kinase) </p></li><li><p>kinase phosphorylates (activates) target protein </p></li></ol><p></p><p><u>activated target protein:</u></p><ol><li><p>glycogen breakdown</p></li><li><p>increases heart rate </p></li><li><p>relaxes diaphragm (can take easier deeper breaths) </p></li></ol><p></p>
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Adrenalin Signalling: Responses

  1. glycogen breakdown by PKA

glycogen = for short-term energy storage

  • liver cells break down glycogen → fill blood w glucose

  • muscle cells break down glycogen → use energy to make ATP

→ PKA also inhibits glycogen synthase by phosphorylation (dont want to make glycogen rn)

  1. increased heart rate

  2. easier breathing by relaxing diaphragm muscles

  3. pupils dilate

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Adrenalin Signalling: Deactivation

  1. remove adrenalin outside cells

via: diffusion, degradation, & uptake

  1. breakdown of cAMP inside cells

via: phosphodiesterase (PDEs)

mech: cAMP -PDE→ AMP

  1. removal of phosphates from target protein

bc: phosphatases always have low activity

<ol><li><p><strong>remove adrenalin outside cells</strong></p></li></ol><p> via: diffusion, degradation, &amp; uptake </p><p></p><ol start="2"><li><p><strong>breakdown of cAMP inside cells</strong></p></li></ol><p> via: phosphodiesterase (PDEs)</p><p> mech: cAMP -PDE→ AMP</p><p></p><ol start="3"><li><p><strong>removal of phosphates from target protein </strong></p></li></ol><p> bc: phosphatases always have low activity </p><p></p>
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Adrenalin Signalling: Medical Significance

  • to help anaphylactic shock

by:

→ increasing bp

→ relaxing diaphragm

THUS, adrenalin does the opposite of anaphylactic symptoms (low bp, constricted diaphragm)

using: epipens, neffy

<ul><li><p>to help anaphylactic shock</p></li></ul><p>by:</p><p>→ increasing bp</p><p>→ relaxing diaphragm </p><p></p><p>THUS, adrenalin does the opposite of anaphylactic symptoms (low bp, constricted diaphragm)</p><p></p><p><em>using: epipens, neffy</em></p>
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<p>Examinable Content</p>

Examinable Content

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