Brain and behaviour

for exa

width of a neuron

100 microns (0.1 milimeter)

Volume of human brain

1300 cm^3

Structure of a nuron

Dendrites, soma, axon

dendrites of neuron

receive information from other neurons

Soma

cell body of a neuron

Axon

Carry the output

Glutamate

A major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory

GABA

a major inhibitory neurotransmitter

components of meninges

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

dura mater

thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord

Arachnoid

middle layer of the meninges

pia mater

inner layer of the meninges

central nervous system

brain and spinal cord

peripheral nervous system

Cranial nerves and spinal nerves and somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system and the enteric nervous system

somatic nervous system

Muscle control and processing of sensory information

autonomic nervous system

Processing of sensory information from organs and motor control of involuntary muscles

sympathetic system

Arousal, activation, fight or flight

Parasympathetic system

Relaxation and long term homeostasis

enteric nervous system

the nervous system of the digestive tract

hind brain (rhombencephalon)

metencephalon and myelencephalon

midbrain (mesencephalon)

receives sensory and motor information from the rest of the body

Forebrain (prosencephalon)

telencephalon and diencephalon

Telencephalon

Cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system

Diecephalon

thalamus and hypothalamus

myelencephalon (medulla)

Life support: breathing, heart rate, swallowing etc. and transport of sensory information

Mentencephalon (pons and cerebellum)

Sleep dream regions and unconscious movements

Mesencephalon (midbrain)

Processing visual and audio, eye muscle control

Diencephalon

thalamus and hypothalamus

Telencephalon

cerebral hemispheres cognitive processes

Gyri

ridges of the brain

Rostral-Caudal

front to back

Dorsal-ventral

Top to bottom

Medial-lateral

Middle to side

Serotonin

Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal

Dopamine

influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion

Norepinephrine

helps control alertness and arousal

Acetylcholine

enables muscle action, learning, and memory

gray matter

Cell bodies, neurons, synapses, glial cells

White matter

myelinated axons

frontal lobe

Motor, inhibition, language, and anticipation

parietal lobe

Awareness of body image/placement and pain

occipital lobe

vision

temporal lobe

language, hearing, memory

insular lobe

Autonomic and visceral functions

Cingulate-Limbic lobes

Sense of self, meaningfulness, emotion, and memory

Hippocampus

memory

Amygdala

Affect and meaningfulness

anterior cerebral artery

Affects lower half of body and motivation

middle cerebral artery

Affects language and upper right side of the body

posterior cerebral artery

Affects vision, memory, and sudden falling

Nerves

Oh,oh,oh to touch and feel very green vegetables, such heaven

Nerves functions

Some say marry money but my brother says big brains matter more

Olfactory

Smell

Optic

Sight

Oculomotor

movement of the eye

Trochlear

movement of the eye

Trigeminal

face sensation, chewing

Abducens

movement of the eye

Facial

face movement and taste

vestibulocochlear nerve

balance and hearing

Glossipharyngeal

Throat, taste, swallowing

Vagus

Sensation and movement

Spinal Accessory

Movement of the neck

Hypoglossal

Movement and sensations

corpus callosum

Communication between both hemispheres

Loss of substania nigra=

Parkinson's

pineal body

produces melatonin

Hypothalamus

Body temp, hunger, thirst, mood, sex drive, sleep and bp

Anterior nucleus

Blood temp, hyperthermia

medial preoptic area

Mating, loss of sex drive

Lateral preoptic nucleus

Sleep, insomnia

supeachiasmatic nucleus

Circadian clock

paraventricular nucleus

produces oxytocin

supraoptic nucleus

Water conservation, diabetes insipidus

ventromedial hypothalamus

suppresses hunger, fake hunger

lateral hypothalamus

stimulates hunger, starvation

posterior nucleus of hypothalamus

Heating, hypothermia

mammillary body

Memory, amnesia

Thalamus

Control centre

mesial temporal lobe

Remembering memories and making new ones

Width of cell membrane

10nm

amount of connections in the brain

10^14

symptoms of MS decrease during what

first term of pregnancy since immune system is surpressed

CNS myelin cells

oligodend

amygdala

attributes meaningfulness to experiences

partial seizures

starts in one part of the brain can be caused by focal injuries

Gastaut-Geschwind syndrome

amnesia, sensitive to smell, attention to detail, altered sexual activity and aggression, no humour

mystical experiences

marked temporal lobe enhancement, god experience happens in sensory deprivation or isolation

hypothalamus home of the four fs

fucking, feeding, fleeing, and fighting and regulates body temp

obesity

damaged to the ventral medial nucleus of the hypothalamus

anorexia

damage to the lateral hypothalamic area

seeing something in the upper right

damage to the occipital temporal lobe

visual agnosia

when they can see the object but don’t know what it is, will know once they touch it

Charles Bonnet syndrome

when neurons start dying and don’t want to they start firing randomly creating random images

Area 22 stimulation

stimulation to left side creates voices and right side creates music

Wernickes aphasia

damage to the auditory cortex (area 22), don’t understand you, speak gibberish and don’t know there is a problem

Brocas aphasia

damage to the motor speech area, will understand you but speak in 2 words

Cell concentrations

Outside had Na and Cl, inside has K

action potentials

only happen at the axon and causes the gates to open, Na first causing the axon to become positive which causes K to rush out and overshoot making it negative

fevers

affect the membranes permeability and cause them to break down