Anatomy and Physiology

Atoms

smallest unit of an element, composed of electrons, protons, and neurons, join together to form molecules

Molecule

union of two or more atoms of the same or different elements

Cell

smallest structural and functional unit of all living organisms

Tissue

a group of cells with a common structure and function

Organ

composed of several tissue types

Organ System

group of organs that work together for a common purpose

Organism

collection of organ systems

Species

a group of interbreeding organisms

Population

the members of one species in a particular area

Community

interacting populations

Ecosystem

community of populations interacting with the physical environment

Biosphere

all of the Earth's ecosystems

Energy

the capacity to do work

Metabolism

all of the chemical reactions that occur within cells

Photosynthesis

used by plants, algae, and some bacteria
harvests energy from the sun and converts it to chemical energy

Homeostasis

a constant internal environment

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

the genetic information of all life

Evolution

how a population changes over time

Natural Selection

the process by which evolution occurs

Adaptation

over time, population has more individuals with this advantageous variation

3 domains of life

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Vertebrates

have a nerve cord protected by a vertebral column

Culture

activities and items passed down from one generation to the next

Science

a way of knowing about the natural world

Objective Observation

factual based

Subjective Observation

opinion based

Observation

first step in scientific method

Inductive Reasoning

when someone uses creative thinking to combine facts into a cohesive whole

Scientific theory

accepted explanations for how the world works

Sagittal Plane

left and right halves

Frontal(coronal) Plane

front and back halves

Transverse (horizontal) Plane

upper and lower halves

Matter

anything that has mass and takes up space

Elements

basic building blocks of matter; cannot be broken down by chemical means

Isotopes

atoms of the same element(with the same atomic number) but a different number of neutrons

Radioisotopes

unstable isotopes; the emit energy called radiation

Ionic bond

the attraction between a positive and negative ion

Covalent bond

atoms share electrons to fill their valence shells

Hydrogen bond

attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen to a slightly negative oxygen or nitrogen

Properties of Water

liquid at room temperature
high heat capacity
high heat of vaporization
water is a good solvent

Solution

water with dissolved solutes

Cohesion

water molecules cling to each other through hydrogen bonds

Adhesion

water molecules cling to surfaces, like blood vessels

Acids

substances that dissociate in water, releasing hydrogen ions

Bases

substances that take up hydrogen ions or release hydroxide ions

pH scale

measure of acidity or basicity of a solution
ranges from 0-14
7 is neutral

Buffer

a solution that resists changes in pH when acids or bases are added to it

4 major organic molecules

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids

Dehydration reaction

a type of synthesis chemical reaction that removes water, linking subunits together into macromolecules

Hydrolysis reaction

the addition of water to break macromolecules into their subunits

Carbohydrates

used as an energy source

Monosaccarides

made of a single sugar molecule, has a carbon backbone of three to seven carbons

Glucose

most common monosaccharide and is used as an immediate energy source in the

Disaccharide

made of 2 monosaccharide joined by a dehydration reaction

Sucrose

table sugar

Lactose

milk sugar

Polysaccharide

long polymers of glucose subunits

Starch

energy storage in plants

Glycogen

energy storage in animals

Lipids

do not dissolve in water
lack hydrophilic polar groups

Triglycerides

made of one glycerol and three fatty acids

Function of triglycerides

energy storage, insulation, cushioning

Fats

Usually animal origin, solid at room temperature

Oils

Usually plant origin, liquid at room temperature

Fatty Acids

long chains of carbons and hydrogens

Saturated fatty acids

no double covalent bonds, saturated with hydrogen, solid at room temp.

Unsaturated fatty acids

one or more double covalent bonds because hydrogens are missing

Trans fats

man-made fat

Which fatty acid contribute to heart disease the most?

trans fats

Phospholipids

primary component of plasma membranes

Hydrophilic

polar, 'head'

Hydrophobic

nonpolar, 'tail'

Steroids

lipids made of 4 fused carbon rings

Ex. of steroids

cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone

What are the functions of a protein?

Support, Enzymes, Transport, Defense, Hormones, Motion

Amino acids

subunits of proteins

Peptide bond

polar covalent bond between two amino acids

Polypeptide

three or more amino acids linked together

Denaturation

the change in the shape of a protein; caused by extreme heat or pH

Nucleic acids

polymers of nucleotides

Functions of nucleic acids

Store information, contain instructions for activities essential to life, conduct chemical reactions

Ex. of nucleic acids

DNA and RNA

ATP

high-energy molecule, stores energy

Cell

basic unit of life

Cell theory

all living organisms are made up of cells, new cells arise only from preexisting cells

Cell size

small because of surface-area-to-volume ratio

Compound light microscope

lower magnification, glass lenses and light beams, views live specimens

Electron microscope

higher magnification, electron beams and computer, can't view live specimens

What are the 2 types of electron microscopes?

Transmission electron microscope and scanning electron microscope

What are the 2 categories of cells?

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells

Prokaryotic cells

lacks a nucleus, include bacteria

Eukaryotic cells

has a nucleus, include animals, plants, fungi, protists

What do Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells have?

plasma membrane and cytoplasm

Plasma membrane

surrounds the cell, made of phospholipid bilayer which is selectively permeable

Glycoproteins and Glycolipids

carbohydrate chains attached to proteins and lipids

Cytoplasm

semifluid substance inside the cell, organelles

Organelles

internal compartments with specialized functions

Diffusion

random movement of molecules from a higher concentration to a lower concentration, equally distributed

Osmosis

diffusion of water molecules from high to low water concentration

Isotonic

body fluids isotonic to cells, same concentration of impermeable solutes, no change in cell size