Reaction types

Functional groups, Alcohols

Single atom / groups of atoms that attach to hydrocarbon, change properties of hydrocarbon

Alc = ‘hydroxyl’ group added to carbon group, replacing 1 H atom
-oxygen + H
-ol ending
e.g ethanol (CH₃CH₂OH)

Carboxylic acid

Carboxyl group added to C atom
-2 oxygens, 1 H
-COOH
-aonic acid ending

Chemical reactions

Energy = held in chemical bonds hold atoms together in molecule
-in chem reaction, molecules break apart, atoms recombine → form new substances.

ΔH (Enthalpy) = measure of total heat content of system
-activation energy = minimum energy need start reaction

Exothermic vs Endothermic

Exo, heat = lost to surroundings, creates negative enthalpy
-reactant bond energy >  product bond energy

Endo, heat energy = gain from surroundings, creates a positive enthalpy
-product bond energy >  reactant bond energy

Decomposition + Synthesis

Decomposition = single substance = broken apart → 2 / more simpler substances
-AB → A + B

Synthesis = 2 / more substances combine → make new substance

Single displacement vs Double displacement

Single = 1 element / group of elements = removed + replaced by another element / group of elements
-A + BC → AC + B

Double = 2 compounds completely swap ions / atoms w/each other, 2 new compounds
-AB + CD → AD + CB
some double displacement reactions form a solid
-when 2 soluble reactants combine → form an insoluble product (precipitate)

Combustion

Fuel, usually hydrocarbon, combine w/ oxygen → CO2 + H2O

Collison theory

Chemical reaction only occur btwn particles when collide (hit each other) w/ sufficient force i.e. activation energy
-if collide w/ insufficient energy 4 breaking bonds, then no reaction will occur.

↑ SA:V
↑ Temp
↑ Concentration

↑ SA:V = will react faster if ground → powder. Divided → smaller pieces = SA ↑, increases likelihood of collisions w/other reactants

↑ Temp = Kinetic energy of particles ↑ (more energy available to break bonds), contain required activation energy
-number of collisions per second also ↑ cus particles = move faster.

↑ Concentration = ↑ number particles available 4 collision in a given volume, thus ↑ number of successful collisions

Catalyst

Substance ↑ increases rate of chem reaction without being consumed
-lowering activation energy of substance (alternative pathway w/ lower energy)