Animal Nutrition Exam 3 Okstate

What do microbial proteins produce?

VFA's

What is the capacity of the rumen in gallons?

60

What is the capacity of dry material in the rumen (lbs)?

50

Abomasum secretions

Pepsin, HCl, mucin

How many weeks for rumen to fully develop?

8 weeks.

Steps of ruminant digestion

1) Regurgitation

2) Remastication

3) Resalivation

4) Redeglutition

What is the function of the esophageal groove?

Bypasses the forestomach and deposits milk into the abomasum.

Primary function of the reticulum

Microbial action and VFA absorption.

Secondary function of the reticulum

Pacemaker for rumen contractions.

Omasum is the primary site of absorption for...

Water and VFA's.

Abomasum is the...

True stomach

Post-gastric fermentation takes place where?

In the cecum and colon.

5-15% cellulytic digestion occurs where?

In the cecum and colon.

Cecum & colon functions

MCO's here as well, VFA's produced, water absorption.

Equine stomach takes up _____ % volume of the total GI tract.

8.5

Equine small intestine takes up ____ % volume of the GI tract.

30

Equine cecum takes up ____ % volume of the GI tract.

16

Equine large colon takes up ____ % of the GI tract.

38.5

Equine small colon takes up _____ % of the GI tract.

7

The equine foregut makes up what percent of the total GI tract volume?

38.5

The equine hindgut makes up what percent of the total GI tract?

61.5

If not fed in small, frequent increments, horses are prone to what?

Ulcers

Horses do not have what organ?

Gall bladder

Equine large intestine is made up of....

Cecum, large/small colons, rectum.

In equines, MCO's inhabit...

The cecum and large colon.

The three VFA's:

Acetate, propionate, and butyrate.

Carbohydrate types

Soluble (wheat/oats/corn/barley) and fibrous (cellulose/MCO fermentation).

Fats in horses are digested and absorbed where?

Small intestine

Proteins are digested where in the horse?

Stomach and small intestine

MCO proteins are produced where in the horse?

Hindgut

Colic

Gut compaction, abdominal pain, dehydration, kicking at belly.

Founder

Eating too quickly, causing acidosis and production of endotoxins from excess soluble CHO. Leads to laminitis.

Temperature of the rumen

101-105 F

Microbial protein is ___-gastric in ruminants and ___-gastric in horses.

Pre, post

How many total MCO's in rumen?

2.5*10^15

Fermentation produces what?

VFA's

Microbial proteins converts cellulose and starch into...

VFA's

VFA's have very ____ carbon chains.

Short

Acetate has how many carbons in its chain?

2

Propionate has how many carbons in its chain?

3

Butyrate has how many carbons in its chain?

4

VFA's in ruminants are absorbed through...

The rumen wall

Protein is converted into amino acids which converts into...

NH3 (ammonia)

Starch/fiber convert into soluble sugars that convert into...

VFA's

NH3 converts into...

Microbial protein

Concentrated diets: ____ mmol/mL VFA's and pH of _____.

100-120, 5.5-6.0

Forage diets: ____ mmol/mL VFA's and pH of _____.

60-80, 6.5-7.0

Forage VFA components:

65% acetate, 20% propionate, 12% butyrate

Grain VFA components:

45% acetate, 35% propionate, 15% butyrate

Ionophores are...

Feed additives for ruminants, toxic for horses.

Ionophores were originally...

Coccidiostat for poultry.

Microbial proteins are made up of _____ % crude protein.

50

MCO's synthesize...

B Vitamins and Vitamin K

MCO's contain ____ % CHO and ____ % fat.

1-2, 3

Byproduct of deamination

NH3 (ammonia)

Major product of fermentation

Heat

Gases produced by ruminant digestion:

65% CO2, 25% CH4, 7% N2. Some O2, H2, and H2S.

Gas production in ruminants is a cause for ______ _______ compared to monogastrics.

Energetic inefficiency

Microbial proteins saturate...

Unsaturated fatty acids

More than ____ % of fat in ruminant diet is excess.

10

Ruminants eructate how many liters per day?

50-200

Purpose of eructation

Removes gas from rumen

Bloat

Cannot eructate, legumes (soluble protein) are primary cause.

Treatment of bloat

Trochar or prevent with ionophores

Rumen acidosis symptoms

Abdominal pain, dehydration, laminitis, lowering of pH levels to 4.5-5.0.

Rumen acidosis causes

High levels of corn in diet, rapid increase in grain intake, change from forage to concentrate.

Where does cellulose digestion in swine begin to occur?

Cecum

Where does sucrose digestion in the horse begin to occur?

Small intestine

Where does cellulose digestion begin to occur in the cow?

Rumen

Where does starch digestion in sheep begin to occur?

Rumen

Where does cellulose digestion in the horse begin to occur?

Cecum

Where does starch digestion in the dog begin to occur?

Small intestine

Where does lactose digestion in the pig begin to occur?

Small intestine

Enzyme that starts starch digestion.

Amylase

Enzyme involved in fiber digestion.

Cellulase

Enzyme involved in amylopectin digestion, but not amylose digestion.

Isomaltase

Enzyme found only in the rumen and the cecum.

Cellulase

End product of cellulose digestion in the rumen of the cow.

VFA's

End product of amylose digestion in the small intestine of the pig.

Glucose

End product of starch digestion in the cecum of the horse.

VFA's

End product of cellulose digestion in the small intestine of the sheep.

No end product.

End product of cellulose digestion in the small intestine of the dog.

No end product.

End product of maltose digestion in the small intestine of the horse.

Glucose

End product of starch digestion in the cecum of the pig.

VFA's